L king to the West

1. L king to the West

2. Question • Who do you think is at fault in the Israeli vs. Palestine conflict? • Do you think we will have peace in our life time? Why or Why not?

3. WHY? • The American West seized upon people’s imagination- adventure and entrepreneurial spirit for profit and conquest • People moved west because of Push-pull Factors- factors that forced them the west (push) or strongly attracted them (pull) • Push- Civil War, Failed businesses, etc.

4. Pull Factors • Private Property Laws: Government practice of surveying and deeding land gave people confidence that the land was theirs and prevented a free for all • Pacific Railway Acts: Government gave the Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR huge tracts of land to lay tracks and develop = profit • Morrill Land-Grant Act: Federal government gave state governments land to sell and establish agricultural colleges (Usually bought by land speculators- who bought large amount of land and then sold it)

5. Pull Factors • Homestead Act: First signed under A. Lincoln, it called for the following • Person to be 21 yrs. Old or head of families • Build a permanent structure of certain size • Live on land for 6 months out of year • Farm the land for 5 straight years • Will become their property • Act gave 372,000 farms and by 1900 gave up 80 million acres

7. Exodusters • Name given to roughly 50,000 African Americans that followed Benjamin “Pap” Singleton to the west in 1867 to start over • Name based on the Exodus led by Moses

8. Conflict With Native Americans Ch. 7 Section 2

9. The Great Plains • Great Plains- vast grassland between the Mississippi River and the Rockies

10. Great Plains Native Americans • Great Plains- vast grassland between the Mississippi River and the Rockies • Native American tribes on the Great Plains subsisted on the Buffalo for their food, clothing, and shelter • Horses from Spanish had profound affect: • Violence between tribes rose • Many tribes became nomads • Guns from French fur traders & early Americans made the violence and hunting easier

11. Uneasy Peace • Before the Civil War, Native Americans were able to live on their traditional home lands more or less without problems • Occasionally violence erupted between RR companies laying tracks or settlers going to California in the 1840s • However, soon after, Americans realized that the land was valuable and it was on like donkey Kong

12. Land Ownership • Settlers justified taking the land from Native Americans because they would make it more productive • Native Americans saw them as invading their homeland and taking something that they shouldn’t and couldn’t own

14. Treaties • One attempt by the U.S. Government was to make treaties, or agreements, with the Native Americans • These were done to restrict the movement of these nomadic tribes • The government bought Indian land and placed them on Reservations- land set aside for them

16. Treaties & the BIA • Most of the treaties signed were done in fraud • Federal agents would have people delegated as “chiefs” sign, although they had no authority under Indian law • Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)- part of the Interior Department- was to manage supplies to reservations but widespread corruption caused this system to fail • Many whites still stole the land from the reservations • Increasing violence took place

17. Battlefield Challenges • Indian Wars last many years because of the following reasons: • Lacked coherent strategy of how to achieve victory • U.S. troops still in south focusing on Reconstruction • Few major “battles”- more of a “hit and run” strategy

18. Major Battles: Sand Creek Massacre- 1864 • Following battle run ins with settlers- Cheyenne Chief Black Kettle agreed to camp at Sand Creek and to met and discuss • Officer John Chivington- who had not gained a major victory- saw his chance and raided • Black Kettle flew an American and white flag as he had been instructed to show peaceful intentions but this sign was ignored • With 700 men, he raided the camp of Cheyenne Indians and killed around 168 (but possibly up to 500 Indians)- Mostly women and children

20. The Sioux • 1865- Government angered the Sioux by building a road through their hunting grounds and spiritual land in the Bighorn Mountains • Red Cloud launched 2 year war to block the project • Sioux massacred 80 soldiers but later were allowed to remain on a reservation in the Black Hills

21. Treaty of Fort Laramie • 1868 • Temporarily, restored peace to the region • Acknowledged U.S. defeat in the Great Sioux War, and supposedly guaranteed the Sioux perpetual land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana. • *ADD TO TREATY SHEET

22. Battle of Little Bighorn • Government sent General George A. Custer to check out rumors of gold in the Black Hills • He reported back that there was gold and the government offered to buy the land back- Red Cloud entered into negotiations • Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, two Sioux chiefs that didn’t sign the treaty, left the reservations and violence started once again

23. Battle of Little Bighorn • Custer, attempting to round up the Indians, split his army up near the Little Bighorn River in what is now Montana • His company was wiped out by nearly 2,000 Sioux- the largest war party known • The Battle of Little Bighorn is also known as “Custer’s Last Stand”

25. Major Battles: Wounded Knee • Native Americans are very spiritual • One cleansing, purification ceremony done is the Ghost Dance- it was believed that this dance would return things back to the ways that it once was • The dancing made the army nervous so they attempted to arrest Sitting Bull, who encouraged the dance • In attempt to arrest him, shots were fired and he was shot in the side and head- so murdered by law enforcement

26. Major Battles : Wounded Knee • His grieving followers- 120 men and 230 women and children surrendered and were rounded up at the Wounded Knee Creek • While being disarmed, some one fired shots and soldiers opened fire killing 200 Sioux. • The Massacre at Wounded Knee was the last major episode of violence in the Indian Wars

27. Crazy Horse • Crazy Horse was getting a lot of attention from the military and made Red Cloud jealous- rumors that CH was going to flee the reservation began • Chief Joseph, of the Nez Perce Reservation, had escaped • They asked Crazy Horse to help find him since the Sioux and Nez Perce were enemies- Crazy Horse 1st said no, but later agreed and he stated he would fight until the “last Nez Perce are killed” but words were misinterpreted • Prior to a scheduled meeting, Crazy Horse was supposed to have said that he would kill the general-he was arrested • During the arrest, he attempted to escape and was bayoneted and later died

30. Geronimo

31. Geronimo • Apache Native American whose family was murdered by Mexican troops/ Turned into a great warrior • One of the last free Native Americans • Escaped to Mexico in attempt to avoid forced removal to the reservations • Tired of running and fleeing he and the other Apache surrendered in 1886, fearing for his life he escaped again, • It took roughly 5,000 white troops and 500 Native American helpers to bring him in • Forced to live on several reservations including in Florida • Died in 1909 of pneumonia at Fort Still, OK

32. Conspiracy • Secret society at Yale University • Former members include Pres. George H.W. Bush, George W. Bush, and John Kerry • Supposedly, George Bush’s grandfather, Prescott Bush, and others stole the skull and bones of Geronimo

33. Assimilation • Most believed that the Indians needed to be civilized= Give up traditions, learn English, adopt white dress & customs, etc. • Schools were established to help meet this goal. This policy was assimilation- the process by which one society becomes part of another, more dominant society by adopting its culture

34. Assimilation: Mormons • The Edmunds Act, also known as the Edmunds Anti-Polygamy Act of 1882,is a United States federal statute, signed into law on March 23, 1882, declaring polygamy a felony. The act is named for U.S. Senator George F. Edmunds of Vermont. • Edmunds-Tucker Act: The act disincorporated both the LDS Church and the Perpetual Emigration Fund on the grounds that they fostered polygamy. The act prohibited the practice of polygamy and punished it with a fine and imprisonment. It dissolved the corporation of the church and directed the confiscation by the federal government of all church properties valued over a limit of $50,000. The act was enforced by the U.S. marshal and a host of deputies. Repealed in 1978.

35. Dawes Act • 1887- Law dismantled the Native American idea of community land sharing (ownership) and replaced it with America’s prized private land ownership concept • The Dawes Act divided Reservations land into individual plots of land- usually 160 acres. • Wanted to force them to be farmers and accountable to laws of America • In some cases, this severely limited their culture and beliefs

36. Opening of Indian Territory • During the 1880s, squatters overran the land of the Indians and Congress bought out the Indians • In 1889, tens of thousands of settlers lined up at the border to flood the land and lay claim. These people were the Boomers • Some boomers got there and realized some land was already taken by the Sooners- people who slipped past the government and laid claim sooner than allowed

37. Mining, Ranching, and Farming Chapter 7 Section 3

38. Mining • California Gold Rush 1848-49 • More gold and silver was discovered in the Rockies- Near Denver, Black Hills, etc. • Soon there after, the mining of these precious metals became more advanced and corporations became involved

39. Cattle • Mexicans taught Americans cattle ranching • 1/5 of all cowboys were African Americans or Mexicans • Prior to the Civil War, Pork was the meat of choice but later beef would become it. Cattle sold for $3 – 6 before the war and $40 after the war • Shipping the cattle to the east on railroad was expensive until the refrigerated car was invented and they could slaughter the animals before shipping

40. Destruction of the Buffalo • Buffalo were nearly hunted to extinction • 25 million in 1840 – 1,100 in 1889 • Buffalo fur robes were popular in the East, their leather made strong belts for machines in factories, Buffalo hunting became a popular sport • Government also encouraged the destroying of buffalo to force Native Americans to grow their own food and assimilate

41. Chisholm Trail & Cow Towns • Abilene, Kansas was the first town built specifically for receiving cattle • Many used the Chisholm Trail (from TX to KS)- roughly 2 million animals made the journey from good land in San Antonio to Cow towns • Cow towns were the wild part of the West until the farmers came in wanting to make it better • Cattle business then shifted to Wichita but was, liked Abilene, fenced in • Dodge City became known as the Cowboy Capital of the World • 1/5 of all cowboys were African Americans or Mexicans

43. Tombstone: Shoot Out at the OK Corral • Wyatt, Morgan, Virgil Earp and Doc Holiday vs. Frank and Tom McLaury, Billy Claiborne, and Ike and Billy Clanton • The Earps represented law and order and the other represent lawlessness • The “Cowboys” were actually liked in the town for the most part • Some felt the Earps were corrupted police • Supposedly, Wyatt Earp tried to bribe Ike Clanton to win election but Clanton backed out • Also, Wyatt Earp and Doc Holiday were suspected of robbing a stage coach of the Wells Fargo Company so they could become more popular

44. The Shootout • Didn’t become known as the Shootout (Gunfight) at the OK Corral until a 1950s movie • Some of the cowboys had guns and the Earps and Holiday attempted to get them to surrender and take them • The cowboys drew guns • Shootout lasted about 30 seconds with 20-30 shots fired • 3 were killed. Wyatt Earp was unhurt and the others were hit in various locations

45. Ike Clanton Virgil Earp Morgan Earp

46. Wild West Myths • Romantic views of the west began as early as the 1870s in dime novels • The stories promoted stereotypes- exaggerated or oversimplified descriptions of reality • 1883- Will F. (Buffalo Bill) Cody created his Wild West Shows that further played on the stereotypes by having roping contest, battle recreations, and even featured Sitting Bull

48. Populism Chapter 7 Section 4

49. Tough Times for Farmers • Tariffs- Little competition from foreign markets allowed businesses to raise prices • Money Supply- Government took money out of circulation after the Civil War making each dollar more valuable- causes deflation – drop of prices • 1873- Worst economic panic in U.S. history

50. Silver • Many farmers favored Free Silver- the unlimited coining of silver dollars to increase the money supply • Bland-Allison Act- Called for the government to coin more silver and increasing the money supply but it was vetoed