Chapter 3: The Phrase

1. Chapter 3: The Phrase English 2

2. Phrase Definition: A phrase is a group of wordsused as a single part of speech that does not contain a verb and its subject There are 8 types of phrases: prepositional, adjective, adverb, verbal, participial, gerund, infinitive, and appositive phrases.

3. Prepositional Phrase Includes a preposition and its object Example: The class put their homework in the box. The class put their homeworkinthe box. Example: Outside the house, the rain pounded hard. Outsidethe house, the rain pounded hard. Example: After she earned her degree from the University, she began her career as an engineer. After she earned her degree fromthe University, she began her career as an engineer.

4. Adjective Phrase A prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun Example: Roman roads were one of the reasons for Caesar’s military success. Roman roads were one of the reasonsforCaesar’s military success. Example: The roads of ancient Rome linked the far corners of the empire. The roadsof ancient Rome linked the far cornersof the empire. Example: Heavy use of the highways lasted many centuries. Heavy useof the highways lasted many centuries.

5. Adverb Phrase A prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb Example: The porters hiked toward the summit. The porters hikedtowardthe summit. Example: The chicken walked across the road. The chicken walkedacrossthe road. Example: During Ramadan, Muslims fast from sunrise to sunset. DuringRamadan, Muslims fast fromsunrise tosunset.

6. Verbal Phrases Verbals are formed from verbs and used as adjectives, nouns, or adverbs. Verbal Phrases are a verbal and its modifiers. There are 3 types of verbals: • Participial Phrase • Gerund Phrase • Infinitive Phrase

7. Participial Phrase Participial – a form of a verb that can be used as an adjective (ends in -ing or –ed/ past tense) Example: Hoping to be the first to reach the South Pole, Robert Scott took four men with him to the pole in 1911. Example: Hoping to be the first to reach the South Pole, Robert Scott took four men with him to the pole in 1911. Example: A Norwegian crew commanded by Roald Amundsen was also moving swiftly to the pole. Example: A Norwegian crewcommanded by Roald Amundsenwas also moving swiftly to the pole. Example: Reaching the pole in 1912, the Brisith found that the Norwegians had already been there. Example: Reaching the pole in 1912, the British found that the Norwegians had already been there.

8. Gerund Phrase Gerund is a verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun(it can be a subject, direct object, indirect object, or an object of a preposition) Example: Walking daily is a healthy hobby. Example: Walkingdaily is a healthy hobby. Example: Recycling is advised for all people to conserve the environment. Example: Recyclingis advised for all people to conserve the environment. Example: Most dentists recommend flossing daily. Example: Most dentists recommend flossing daily.

9. Review – Participles and Gerunds • Participle • stems from a verb • ends in –ing or ed • acts as an adjective (modifies a noun or pronoun) • Gerund • stems from a verb • ends in –ing • acts as a noun in a sentence (can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition) • Subject – who or what is doing the action • Predicate nominative – the noun in the predicate that modifies the subject • Direct Object - __(verb___ what or what? • Indirect Object - __(verb)___ to/for whom or what? • Object of a Preposition – the noun that comes after a preposition Participial Phrase – a participle and its modifiers. Gerund Phrase – a gerund and its modifiers

10. Infinitive Phrase Infinitive – a verb form that can be a noun, adjective, or adverb; usually begins with the word to (think language classes) Example: Our assignment was to read I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Example: Our assignment was to read I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Example: To grow up in Stamps, Arkansas, in the 1930s was to know great hardship. Example: To grow up in Stamps, Arkansas, in the 1930s, was to know great hardship. Example: Maya Angelou has an ability to capture vivid details in her writing. Example: Maya Angelou has an ability to capture vivid details in her writing. noun noun noun adjective

11. Verbal Review • Participle • Ends in –ed (past tense) or – ing • Used as an adjective (modifies a noun or pronoun) • Phrase consists of the participle and its modifiers • Not necessary in a sentence • Gerund • Ends in – ing • Acts as a noun in a sentence (subject, pred. nom., direct and indirect objects, object of a prep.) • Phrase consists of gerund and its modifiers • Usually CANNOT be removed from the sentence • Infinitive • Usually beings with to and followed by a verb • Acts as a noun, adjective, or adverb • Phrase consists of the infinitive and its modifiers • May or may not be able to remove from the sentence

12. Appositive Appositive – a noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or describe it Example: My cousin Brian is my best friend. Example: My cousinBrian is my best friend. Example: Our football team has won its first two games, one by three points and the other by six. Example: Our football team has won its first two games, one by three points and the other by six. Example: Soledad, a cautious driver, has never had an accident. Example: Soledad, a cautious driver, has never had an accident.

13. Appositive Phrase An appositive phrase is an appositive and its modifiers Example: Soccer, my favorite sport, is very popular all over the world. Example: Soccer, my favorite sport, is very popular all over the world. Example: The internationally famous soccer star Pele is from Brazil. Example: The internationally famous soccer starPeleis from Brazil. Example: Hausa, a Nigerian language, is widely used in western Africa. Example: Hausa, a Nigerian language, is widely used in western Africa.