Chapter 6 – The Progressives

1. Chapter 6 – The Progressives Section Notes Video The Progressives Progressivism Women and Public Life Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal Taft and Wilson Maps Federal Conservation Lands in the West, 1908 The Election of 1912 History Close-up The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Images New York Tenement Political Cartoon: Women’s Issues Political Cartoon: Roosevelt and Taft Political Cartoon: Roosevelt and the Meat Scandal Quick Facts Progressive Election Reforms Visual Summary: The Progressives

2. Ch. 6 the Progressives • Section 1 Progressivism: • Section 1 Goals: • What was the Progressive Era? • Describe the people who started the Progressive Era? Name 4 of these people and describe how each made America better. • Name 4 ways in which progressives improved working conditions? • In what way did the Progressives change the government? • List at least 4 things that the Progressives fought for, and why it’s important to know about these people?

3. Industrialization? helped many but also caused major problems??? • Progressivism, or a wide-ranging reform? movement targeted these problems, the Progressive Era began in the late 1800s. • Journalists called muckrakers (why Muckrakers?) and urban photographers exposed people to the plight of the unfortunate in hopes of sparking reform/change. • Famous Muckrakers/Investigative Journalists of the Progressive Era. • Lincoln Steffens • Shame of the Cities (1904) exposed corrupt city governments • Frank Norris • Exposed railroad monopolies in a 1901 novel The Octopus • Jacob Riis • Immigrant who took pictures of poor people in New York • Used his photographs to write a best-selling book How the Other Half Lives • Ida Tarbell • Exposed the corrupt Standard Oil Company and its owner, John D. Rockefeller • The History of the Standard Oil Co. Progressivism and Its Champions the Muckrakers

4. What does this picture represent?

5. How and why did this book change the lives of so many poor people in New York?

6. How did Ida Tarbell help make America better?

7. How did Lincoln Steffens make America Better?

8. How did Frank Norris make America Better?

9. Reforming Society • Growing cities couldn’t provide people necessary services like garbage collection, safe housing, pluming, medical care, and police and fire protection. • Reformers, many of whom were women (why were so many women?) like activist Lillian Wald, saw this as an opportunity to help people in need. (Home health care), Henry street settlement) • Progressives scored an early victory in New York State with the passage of the Tenement Act of 1901, which forced landlords to install lighting in public hallways (why?) and to provide at least one toilet for every two families. • These simple steps helped impoverished New Yorkers, and within 15 years the death rate in New York dropped dramatically. • Reformers in other states used New York law as a model for their own proposals.

10. Lillian Wald

11. Henry street settlement)

13. NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People First group to fight for Civil Rights NAACP consisted of both white and black members 1915: Protested the movie Birth of a Nation Can you name 3 things that the NAACP fought against during this time? ADL Anti-Defamation League Formed by Sigmund Livingston, a Jewish man in Chicago, in 1913 Fought anti-Semitism? Fought to stop negative stereotypes of Jews in media Adolph S. Ochs The publisher of the New York Times was a member and helped stop negative references to Jews Fighting for Civil Rights Progressives fought prejudice in society by forming various reform groups.

16. Reforming the Workplace • By the late 19th century, labor unions fought for adult male workers but didn’t advocate enough for women and children. • Child Labor: • In 1893, Florence Kelley helped push the Illinois legislature to prohibit child labor and to limit women’s working hours. • In 1904, Kelley helped organize the National Child Labor Committee, which wanted state legislatures to ban child labor. • By 1912, nearly 40 states passed child-labor laws, but states didn’t strictly enforce the laws and many children still worked. • Working Conditions for Women: • Progressive women, fought for better working conditions and shorter hours (10 hour work day)

18. Why were there so many children Working?

19. The Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire • In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Company, located in New York, caught fire. Of the 500 workers, 146 women died (mostly young) • The Company was located on the top 3 floors of a 10 story building • The Company manufactured women’s blouses. (very flammable) • The fire was started by a cigarette thrown into a trash can. • The women were trapped inside b/c the owner had locked the doors in order to prevent theft and to keep Union leaders out? • The fire escape collapsed as the women tried to escape. • The Fireman’s ladders were not tall enough to reach the women. • Hundreds of people watched from the streets as these women burned alive. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ulaG9x4GpE • What effect do you think the Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire had on America?

22. In 1900, the International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union organized unskilled workers. • In 1909, the ILGWU called a general strike known as the Uprising of 20,000. • Strikers won a shorter workweek and higher wages and attracted thousands of women workers to the ILGWU union. • In 1905, the Industrial Workers of the World formed to oppose capitalism (Why do you think they were against Capitalism?), organizing unskilled workers that the American Federation of Labor ignored. • Under William “Big Bill” Haywood, the IWW, known as Wobblies, used traditional tactics like strikes and boycotts but also engaged in radical tactics like industrial sabotage. (they would destroy machinery. Why?) • By 1912, the IWW led 23,000 textile workers to strike in Massachusetts to protest pay cuts, which ended successfully after six weeks. • However, several IWW strikes were failures, and, fearing the IWW’s revolutionary goals, the government cracked down on the organization, causing dispute among its leaders and leading to its decline a few years later. ILGWU The Unions IWW

25. City Government Reforming government meant winning control of it: Tom Johnson of Cleveland was a successful reform mayor who set new rules for police, released debtors from prison, and supported a fairer tax system. Progressives promoted new government structures: Texas set up a five-member committee to govern Galveston after a hurricane, and by 1918, 500 cities adopted this plan. The city manager model had a professional administrator, not a politician, manage the government. State Government Progressive governor Robert La Follettecreated the Wisconsin Ideas, which wanted: Direct elections of political candidates to limit campaign spending Government to regulate: railroads Transportation civil service These Ideas would spread across America and create a greater desire for government reform Reforming Government

27. Progressives wanted fairer elections. What was wrong with elections during this time? Proposed a direct primary, or an election in which voters choose candidates to run in a general election, which most states adopted. Backed the Seventeenth Amendment, which gave voters, not state legislatures, the power to elect their U.S. senators. Some measures Progressives fought for include: What do all of the following have in common? Election Reforms

28. What do all these have in common?

29. What did the Progressives Fight For?

31. Ch. 6 The Progressive Era • Section 2: Women and the Progressive Era: • What was prohibition, what was the name of the organization designed to fight for prohibition, and how did this movement affect women? • What were black female reformers fighting against during the Progressive era (name 4 things)? Name two of their most famous leaders. • What was the women’s suffrage movement? And who were two of its most influential leaders. • How did the Progressive Era change the lives of women in America? • What was life like for women in the 1800s and early 1900s?

32. Opportunities for Women • By 1870 about 20 percent of all college students were women, and by 1900 that number increased to 33 percent. • Women didn’t have many opportunities before the Progressive Era, but college was one. Why is this? • Most of the women who attended college at this time came from rich families. • A few African American women, such as Otelia Cromwell, attended college. Otelia Cromwell earned a Masters from Columbia University and a Ph. D. from Yale. (the first ever) Cromwell also wrote a famous biography about abolitionist and women’s rights activists Lucretia Mott. • However, many job opportunities were still denied to women. • Denied access to most jobs, many women poured their knowledge and skills into the reform movement, gaining valuable political experience as they fought for change.

33. Oberlin College one of the first colleges that accepted women.

35. As America industrialized and the economy grew, more and more job opportunities were given to women. • Some new workplace opportunities for women included: Working-class and uneducated women took jobs in industries. Women worked as teachers, nurses, typists, and secretaries. Newspapers and magazines began to hire more women as journalists and artists. Employment Opportunities How did these new job opportunities effect women?

36. Gaining Political Experience • During the Progressive Era, women became the backbone of many of the Progressive Era reform movements. Why? • What did women learn during the Progressive Era?

37. What is Prohibition? Who started and led the Prohibition movement? Why did some people want to get rid of Alcohol? Did it Work? Who became very powerful during prohibition? The major national organization that led the crusade against alcohol was… The Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), headed by Frances Willard, which was a powerful force for both temperance and women’s rights… how? Evangelists? like Billy Sunday and Carry Nation preached against alcohol, and Nation smashed up saloons with a hatchet while holding a Bible. The Temperance Movement and the start of Prohibition Congress eventually passed the Eighteenth Amendmentin 1919, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcohol?? It was was so unpopular though that it was repealed in 1933. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_CE4u6jI_rc

39. Frances Willard

41. During the Progressive Era, black women also fought for many reforms. What challenges did black female reformers face? African American women formed their own reform group, the National Association of Colored Women (NACW), in 1896. By 1914 the organization had more than 100,000 members. They fought against poverty, segregation, lynching, the Jim Crow laws, and eventually for temperance? and women’s suffrage? Some of the most prominent African American women of the time included: Civil Rights Ida B. Wells-Barnett(founding member of the NAACP also) Harriet Tubman, the famous Underground Railroad conductor https://youtu.be/Bdno2YLm4Ms

42. National Association of Colored Women

43. ?

44. NWSA National Woman Suffrage Association, founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Fought to get congress to pass an amendment that would allow women the right to vote Also fought for labor reform and supported Victoria Woodhull, the first woman presidential candidate Rise of the Women’s Suffrage Movement • What is Women’s Suffrage? • Beginning with the Seneca Falls Convention (first ever women’s rights convention) in 1848, women began to speak out for their rights as citizens of America. • In 1870, Congress passed the 15th Amendment? Women were pretty upset… Why? • After the passage of the 15th Amendment, Women organized into suffragist groups: • Women began to see success in the West, as in 1869 the Wyoming Territory granted women the vote, followed by the Utah Territory a year later and five more western states not long after.

45. Seneca Falls Convention: The first major women’s rights convention in America.

46. “We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men and women are created equal.” Elisabeth Cady Stanton

48. For almost 40 years, Susan B. Anthony fought for women’s rights in America. In 1872 Susan B. Anthony voted in the presidential election. Susan B. Anthony was later arrested for this vote. Susan B. Anthony wanted to be arrested and put on trial. Why? Before her trial, Anthony spoke passionately about women’s voting rights, and America payed attention. However, during her trial, the judge did not allow her to speak and simply fined her $100. Anthony never payed the $100, hoping to be arrested again. In 1873 the Supreme Court ruled that even though women were citizens, that did not give them the right to vote. It would be up to state governments to allow women the right to vote. What does this supreme court ruling mean for women’s suffrage? https://youtu.be/o-suAlXQhMI Susan B. Anthony Tests the Law

49. Anti-Suffrage Arguments • Why didn’t men want women to vote? • Didn’t think women were “qualified” to vote? • Men feared that they would lose control over women if they gave them the right to vote. How could this happen? • If women got the right to vote what would happen to alcohol? • Feared that women would have more power to vote for business regulations. What would this mean for businesses?

50. What point is the artist trying to make with this cartoon?