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20°N

Nitrate concentration in the surface waters along a North-South transect at ~135°W*. Antarctic. 20. Nitrate Concentration (μmol/kg). North Pacific. Equatorial Pacific. 10. 0. Latitude. 60°S. 40°S. 20°S. 0°. 20°N. 40°N. 60°N.

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20°N

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  1. Nitrate concentration in the surface waters along a North-South transect at ~135°W* Antarctic 20 Nitrate Concentration (μmol/kg) North Pacific Equatorial Pacific 10 0 Latitude 60°S 40°S 20°S 0° 20°N 40°N 60°N *Source: J. Martin, R. Gordon, S. Fitzwater & W. Broenkow, “VERTEX: Phytoplankton/ Iron Studies in the Gulf of Alaska”, Deep-Sea Research, 36: 649-680 (1989)

  2. 8 Nitrates (a) with iron (b) without iron 6 4 Chlorophyll Concentration (μg/kg) Chlorophyll (a) with iron (b) without iron 2 0 0 1 2 3 4 Time (days) Source: J. Martin, R. Gordon, S. Fitzwater & W. Broenkow, “VERTEX: Phytoplankton/ Iron Studies in the Gulf of Alaska”, Deep-Sea Research, 36: 649-680 (1989)

  3. Ocean Energy Source Waves Tides Currents Thermocline Oil *assuming that only 1% can be extracted Resource available (in barrels of oil equivalent) 1.5 million/year 1.6 million/year 15.0 million/year 900.0 million/year* 2,000 billion total reserves Warm surface water Heat Exchanger (ammonia evaporator) Pump Depth Liquid ammonia Turbine generator Electric power Cold deep water Heat Exchanger (ammonia condenser)

  4. The places where OTEC promises the best results Temperature difference between surface and depth of 1,000 m Less than 18°C 18°C to 20°C 20°C to 22°C 22°C to 24°C More than 24°C

  5. Temperature difference between surface waters and the waters at 1 km depth: 22-24°C >24°C 40°N 20°N 0° 20°S 40°S 30°E 150°E 150°W 90°W 30°W 90°E

  6. Total primary production (billion tons carbon/year) 16.3 3.6 0.12 Number of Trophic levels 5 3 1.5 Average Transfer Efficiency per tropic level ~15% ~33% ~99% Total Annual Fish production (million tons) 2 120 120 Oceanic region Open ocean Coastal Upwelling Area (million km2) 325 36 0.36

  7. Long-run inflation-adjusted world prices of non-ferrous metals (aluminum, copper, tin, zinc) 200 1977-79 Price Level = 100 100 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

  8. Range of annual salinity fluctuations Narrow Wide Stenohaline Eurythermal Euryhaline Eurythermal Wide Annual temperature fluctuation Range Stenohaline Stenothermal Euryhaline Stenothermal Narrow

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