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AP Biology

AP Biology. Ashley The Indiana Academy. Animal Structure and Function. Chapter 40. Major Topics. Tissues Body Plans and the external environment Regulating the internal environment Introduction to Bioenergetics of animals. Animal Tissues. Epithelial tissue Connective tissue

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AP Biology

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  1. AP Biology Ashley The Indiana Academy

  2. Animal Structure and Function Chapter 40

  3. Major Topics • Tissues • Body Plans and the external environment • Regulating the internal environment • Introduction to Bioenergetics of animals

  4. Animal Tissues • Epithelial tissue • Connective tissue • Nervous tissue • Muscle tissue

  5. Epithelial tissue Layers • Simple: single layer • Stratified: multiple tiers • Shape • Cuboidal: dice shaped • Columnar: upright bricks • Squamous: flat shaped • Function – covering, secretion, other

  6. Figure 40.1x Epithelial tissues

  7. Connective tissue • All have cells in an extra cellular matrix • Bone and Cartilage • Fibers • Loose connective tissue • Adipose tissue • Blood • Function – bind and support other tissues

  8. Figure 40.2x Connective tissue

  9. Neuron Function – sense stimuli and transmit signals Nervous tissue

  10. Muscle tissue • Skeletal muscle • Striated muscle • Cardiac muscle • Smooth muscle • Function - movement

  11. Figure 40.4x Three kinds of vertebrate muscle

  12. External Body Plan – shaped by natural selection • Physical laws – constrain what natural selection can “invent” Ex. Convergence of body forms in water • Surface area:Volume – regulates size of individual cells • Diffusion across membranes • Thermoregulation of body heat

  13. Figure 40.6 Evolutionary convergence on fusiform shapes in fast swimmers

  14. Figure 40.7 Contact with the environment

  15. Solution • Surface area to volume problems are often solved by folding or branching body parts to increase more surface area. • Ex – villi in digestion, nephrons in urinary, aveoli in respiration, capillaries in circulatory

  16. Figure 40.8 Internal exchange surfaces of complex animals

  17. Internal Body Plan – the conditions around the cells • All animal cells bathed by interstitial fluid • Homeostasis • Negative vs. Positive feedback • Metabolic rate • Basal metabolic rate • Standard metabolic rate • Energy budgets

  18. Homeostasis • Maintaining a steady internal environment when the external conditions change. • Work by feedback circuits • Receptor • Control center • Effector

  19. Figure 40.9b An example of negative feedback: Control of body temperature (Layer 2)

  20. Figure 40.10 Bioenergetics of an animal: an overview

  21. Bioenergetics • How cells use chemical energy • Metabolic rate – the sum of all energy-requiring processes over time. • Rates can be compared using kilocalories

  22. Strategies • Ectothermic – do not produce enough heat to affect body temperature • Advan: need fewer kilocalories • Disdavan: unable to conduct intensive activity over time • Endothermic – produce enough heat to raise body temperature • Advan: can have intense activity • Disadvan: need many more kilocalories

  23. AP Biology Natalia, Oregon-Davis AP Biology Natalia, Oregon-Davis

  24. Homework • Reading – Chapter 40 • Chapter 5 – today • Chapter 40 – Mon. 9/11 • Exam 1 – next week

  25. Figure 40.13a Annual energy budgets for four animals: Total annual energy expenditures

  26. Summary • Know the 4 main tissues of animals and their functions • Why physical laws constrain body plans • Surface area:Volume • Homeostasis and feedback circuits • Bioenergetic strategies

  27. Assignment Consider four different species all about the same size: A fish that lives in the ocean A frog living in a tropical wetland A song bird living in a temperate woods A mouse living in the desert 1. For each organism discuss a mechanism which the organism uses to maintain homeostasis with some aspect of its external environment (temperature, moisture, salts, etc.) 2. Compare and contrast the annual energy budgets for these four organisms.

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