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Toward an International Sharing and Use of Subject Authority Data

Toward an International Sharing and Use of Subject Authority Data . Marcia Lei Zeng Athena Salaba Kent State University. Outline. Background information Current State Authority Data Sharing Authority Data. 1. Background 1.1 Subject access .

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Toward an International Sharing and Use of Subject Authority Data

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  1. Toward an International Sharing and Use of Subject Authority Data Marcia Lei Zeng Athena Salaba Kent State University FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  2. Outline • Background information • Current State • Authority Data • Sharing Authority Data FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  3. 1. Background1.1 Subject access • Seeking information on a topic is still the predominant user task • Subject access includes: • Subject searching • Keyword searching • Subject browsing • It is still very problematic for the majority of searchers FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  4. 1.2 Functions of a catalog regarding subject access (1) • Cutter (1897) • To find a book if the subject is known • To show what a library has on a given subject (collocate) • To assist in the choice as to its character (identify) FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  5. 1.2 Functions of a catalog regarding subject access (2) • FRBR (1998) • To find entities of Group 1 that have entities from Group 1, 2, 3 as their subject • To identify • To select • To obtain FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  6. Group 1 Work Expression Manifestation Item Group 2 Persons Families Corporate bodies Group 3 Concepts Objects Place Event 1.3 What is a subject? FRBR – Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  7. Revisiting Group 3? • Time • Process • Event is a combination of place and time • Concrete vs. abstract concept • Ranganathan • Personality • Matter • Energy • Space • Time FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  8. 2. Current StateSubject Authority Data 2.1 Structure (heterogeneous) 2.2 Existing Knowledge Organization Systems/Structures/Schemas (KOS) 2.3 Rules and guidelines 2.4 Communication/Encoding FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  9. 2.1 Structures Ontologies Semantic networksThesauri Relationship Groups: Strongly-structured Classification schemes TaxonomiesCategorization schemes Classification &Categorization: Subject Headings Synonym RingsAuthority FilesGlossaries/DictionariesGazetteers Weakly-structured Term Lists: Pick lists Natural language Controlled language

  10. Structures: Coordination Pre-coordination ……….. Post-coordination e.g. subject headings e.g. thesauri - LCSH - AAT, INSPEC MeSH FAST UMLS FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  11. 2.2 Existing KOS (1) • Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) • Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) • ERIC Thesaurus (ERIC) • Inspec Thesaurus • Inspec Classification • Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) • Library of Congress Classification (LCC) • Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) • HEREIN Thesaurus • Alexandria Digital Library (ADL) Gazetteer and Thesaurus • Schlagwortnormdatei (SWD) • Regenburger Verbund Klassifikation (RVK) • RAMEAU: repertoire d'authorite de matieres encyclopedique unifie • Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) • National Agriculture Library Subject Headings • … … FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  12. Structure Combined Language Combined V C Global environment 2.2 Existing KOS (2) Verbal based AAT LCSH RAMEU INSPEC Thesaurus MeSH Code based UDC RVK DDC LCC Integrated INSPEC MeSH Hierarchy FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  13. 2.3 Rules of KOS Construction • Different rules and guidelines • AACR2, Z39.19, RAK (Regeln für die alphabetische Katalogisierung), ISO5964, ISO2788, IFLA Principles UnderlyingSubject Heading Languages (SHLs) … • No rules • Indirect/Inherent use of rules (by example) FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  14. 2.4 Communication/Encoding for authority data • MARC • MARC21 (1xx, 2xx, etc.) • UNIMARC (1xx, 2xx, etc. different definition) • etc. • Guidelines for Authority Records and References (GARR) (>, <, >>, <<) • NISO Z39.19 (BT, NT, RT, etc.) • XML-based: OWL Web Ontology Language, RDF Schema, Voc-ML, etc. FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  15. Direct use of authority data Index Identify/Verify Search & Browse the authority data Indirect use of authority data Searching bibliographic file Browsing bibliographic file Users Information professionals Searcher/end-user 3. Authority Data3.1 Use of authority data FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  16. 3.2 Common Authority Data • Authorized/established term • Variations • Related terms • Notes • Linked/Parallel terms • Numbering, International numbering? • Other: language, rules, links to external resources, roles, etc. FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  17. Do we need one authorized term? • Keep USER in mind! • Preference, language, script • Trends: all are preferred • Synonym rings (included in NISO Z39.19 now) FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  18. Semantic relationships Broad categories Equivalence (Use, Used For, UF, See) Hierarchical (BT, NT, see also) Associative (RT, see also) More specific relationships, such as: Is part of Is instance of Agent/process Process/product Need for other types of relationships? ADL, such as: Overlap; administrativePartOf; SubFeatureOf UMLS, such as: Like; Parent; Child; Sibling WordNet, such as: Familiarity; derivationally related 3.3 Common Semantic Relationships in Authority Data FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  19. Unanswered Question What authority data currently exist in an authority record? orWhat authority data should be included in an authority record? FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  20. Structure Combined Language Combined V C Global environment 4. Sharing Authority Data in a Global Environment 4.1. Challenges • Structures • Languages and scripts • Rules • Encoding FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  21. 4.2. Projects Specifically for Subject Authority Data Sharing • Construction (not to be discussed here) • Implementation • Projects based on different types of structures • Projects involving multiple languages FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  22. KOS Vocabularies Bibliographic files Authority files

  23. KOS Vocabularies Bibliographic files Authority files KOS Vocabularies Bibliographic files Authority files

  24. Sharing at Vocabulary Level KOS Vocabularies KOS KOS Vocabularies adaptation, extension, extraction, translation, etc. KOS Vocabularies

  25. Sharing at Vocabulary Level National database "Merimee" about the French Heritage KOS Vocabularies • The Thesaurus of Architecture (Le thésaurus de l'architecture) was created and mapped to the Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) and the English Heritage Thesaurus (NMR) 1.Direct mapping KOS Vocabularies

  26. Sharing at Vocabulary Level Renardus project “a cross-browsing feature based on the DDC and improved subject searching across distributed and heterogeneous European subject gateways.” KOS Vocabularies 2.Using a switching system KOS Vocabularies KOS Vocabularies

  27. Sharing at Vocabulary Level UMLS® Metathesaurus ® KOS Vocabularies Over 1,000,000 concepts and 4.3 million concept names from more than 100 controlled vocabularies, some in multiple languages 3.Creating a superstructure KOS Vocabularies KOS Vocabularies

  28. Sharing at Vocabulary Level UCB Unfamiliar Metadata Vocabularies KOS Vocabularies Accepts query vocabularies and responds with a ranked list of the system’s entry vocabularies– which is an index to five controlled vocabularies. 4.Creating a superstructure (an index) KOS Vocabularies KOS Vocabularies

  29. Sharing at Vocabulary Level CAMed Cross-thesaurus searching Terms are linked in a temporary union list generated by the software in response to a query. KOS Vocabularies 5.Creating a superstructure (a virtual index) KOS Vocabularies KOS Vocabularies

  30. Sharing at Vocabulary Level UCSBAlexandria Digital Library KOS Vocabularies The Thesaurus Protocol is based on the ANSI/NISO (1993, R2003) Z39.19 thesaurus model and supports downloading, querying, and navigating thesauri. 6. Linking through a thesaurus server protocol KOS Vocabularies KOS Vocabularies

  31. Sharing at Subject Authority File Level KOS Vocabularies Bibliographic files Authority files Direct Mapping KOS Vocabularies Bibliographic files Authority files

  32. Direct Mapping -- MACS (Multilingual Access to Subjects)

  33. LCSH AND MeSH MAPPING PROJECT SAMPLE AUTHORITY RECORDS, Northwestern University Library

  34. Metadata Metadata S1 S2 Terms from thesaurus 1 Metadata Terms from thesaurus 1 Metadata Terms from thesaurus 2 Terms from thesaurus 1 Metadata Terms from thesaurus 2 Terms from thesaurus 1 Terms from thesaurus 2 Terms from thesaurus 1 Terms from thesaurus 2 Terms from thesaurus 2 Co-occurrence mapping -- works at the application level, i.e., in metadata records, where the group of subject terms can actually result in loosely-mapped terms. KOS Vocabularies Bibliographic files Authority files

  35. So far, Functional Requirements for Authority Records (FRAR) Covers: • Names for persons, families, corporate bodies (Group 2) • Titles (Group 1) Projects for Authority Data Sharing focus mainly on Names: • ONE Shared Authority Control (ONESAC, ppt) • Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) • Linking and Exploring Authority Files (LEAF) • Hong Kong Chinese Authority (Name) (HKCAN) FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  36. FRSAR: Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data Scope: focus on FRBR’s Group 3 entities FRSAR Working Group contact: Marcia Zeng mzeng@kent.edu Maja Zumer Athena Salaba asalaba@kent.edu FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  37. FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

  38. FRSAR terms of reference • build a conceptual model of Group 3 entities within the FRBR framework (Entities in Group 1 and Group 2 can be used as the subjects of works; but further inclusion of them will depend on the outcomes of the work of the FRANAR Working Group); • provide a clearly defined, structured frame of reference for relating the data that are recorded in subject authority records to the needs of the users of those records; and • assist in an assessment of the potential for international sharing and use of subject authority data both within the library sector and beyond. FRBR Workshop, OCLC, 2005

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