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ENE 492

ENE 492. Fundamental of Optical Engineering Lecture 2. Converging lens. In order to locate the image, the 2 rays are needed as The parallel ray: parallel to the axis and then, after refraction, passes through another focal point.

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ENE 492

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  1. ENE 492 Fundamental of Optical Engineering Lecture 2

  2. Converging lens • In order to locate the image, the 2 rays are needed as • The parallel ray: parallel to the axis and then, after refraction, passes through another focal point. • The focal ray: passes through a first focal point then, after refraction, is parallel to the axis. • The chief ray goes through the center of the lens without deviation since the lens is thin.

  3. Converging lens

  4. Derivation of Gauss’ Thin Lens Equation • L.H.S. • R.H.S.

  5. Derivation of Gauss’ Thin Lens Equation • Take ratio (1) = (2), we have

  6. Derivation of Gauss’ Thin Lens Equation • Multiply both sides by 1/ss’f, this yields • Finally, we have

  7. Derivation of Gauss’ Thin Lens Equation • Magnification, • From (2) • From (3) x s’

  8. Derivation of Gauss’ Thin Lens Equation • So that,

  9. Conventions for lenses • Light travels from left to right. • All distances are measured from the plane of a lens. • Object to the left of a lens is called object distance s, and s is negative. • The image distance s’ could be positive (real image) and negative (virtual image).

  10. Conventions for lenses • The focal length, f • f is ‘+’ for converging lens. • f is ‘-’ for diverging lens. • y’ is the height of an image. • y’ is ‘+’ for upright image. • y’ is ‘-’ for inverted image. • Magnification M • M is ‘+’ for upright image. • M is ‘-’ for inverted image.

  11. Example • Find s’ and M for these cases of object distances.

  12. Off-axis rays • In case of off-axis rays incident on a converging lens, the displacement of spot in focal plane can be found as

  13. Off-axis rays • d = ftanθ • If θ is small, then tan θ θ. • d  fθ……Displacement of spot in focal plane.

  14. Diverging Lens

  15. Diverging Lens • In case of diverging lens, focal length is negative in GTLE. • That leads an image distance to be ‘-’. • This means we always have a virtual image to the left of the lens.

  16. Example • For diverging lens, find s’ and M for various s.

  17. Lens combinations • We may use the combinations of lenses to form desired images.

  18. Example

  19. Example

  20. Example • When an object is placed 75 mm in front of a converging lens, its image is 3 times as far away from the lens as when the object is at infinity. What is the focal length of the lens?

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