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Boundless Lecture Slides. Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com. Using Boundless Presentations. Boundless Teaching Platform

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Boundless Lecture Slides

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Digestive Systems Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Nutrition and Energy Production Digestive System Processes Digestive System Regulation ] Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System > Digestive Systems Digestive Systems • Digestive Systems • Herbivores, Omnivores, and Carnivores • Invertebrate Digestive Systems • Vertebrate Digestive Systems • Digestive System: Mouth and Stomach • Digestive System: Small and Large Intestines Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/animal-nutrition-and-the-digestive-system-34/digestive-systems-195/

  6. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System > Nutrition and Energy Production Nutrition and Energy Production • Food Requirements and Essential Nutrients • Food Energy and ATP Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/animal-nutrition-and-the-digestive-system-34/nutrition-and-energy-production-196/

  7. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System > Digestive System Processes Digestive System Processes • Ingestion • Digestion and Absorption • Elimination Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/animal-nutrition-and-the-digestive-system-34/digestive-system-processes-197/

  8. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System > Digestive System Regulation Digestive System Regulation • Neural Responses to Food • Hormonal Responses to Food Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/animal-nutrition-and-the-digestive-system-34/digestive-system-regulation-198/

  9. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  10. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Key terms • adenosine triphosphatea multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme, often called the "molecular unit of energy currency" in intracellular energy transfer • alimentary canalthe organs of a human or an animal through which food passes; the digestive tract • alimentary canalthe organs of a human or an animal through which food passes; the digestive tract • amylaseAny of a class of digestive enzymes present in saliva that break down complex carbohydrates, such as starch, into simpler sugars like glucose. • bolusa round mass of something, especially of chewed food in the mouth or alimentary canal • bolusa round mass of something, especially of chewed food in the mouth or alimentary canal • carnivoreany animal that eats meat as the main part of its diet • castingthe excreta of an earthworm or similar creature • catabolismdestructive metabolism, usually including the release of energy and breakdown of materials • cellulosea complex carbohydrate that forms the main constituent of the cell wall in most plants • chemical digestionThe process of enzymes breaking down food into small molecules the body can use. • cholecystokininany of several peptide hormones that stimulate the digestion of fat and protein Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System • chylomicronA microscopic globule of triglycerids and other lipids coated with proteins, found in blood and lymphatic vessels, that is associated with the digestion of fats. • chymethe thick semifluid mass of partly digested food that is passed from the stomach to the duodenum • chymethe thick semifluid mass of partly digested food that is passed from the stomach to the duodenum • colonpart of the large intestine; the final segment of the digestive system, after (distal to) the ileum and before (proximal to) the anus • constipationcondition where the feces are hardened because of excess water removal in the colon • digestionthe process, in the gastrointestinal tract, by which food is converted into substances that can be utilized by the body • duodenumthe first part of the small intestine, starting at the lower end of the stomach and extending to the jejunum • emesisthe act or process of vomiting • endocrine systema control system of ductless glands that secrete hormones which circulate via the bloodstream to affect cells within specific organs • extracellularoccurring or found outside of a cell • extracellular digestionExtracellular digestion is a process in which animals feed by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane onto the food. The enzymes break the food into molecules small enough to be taken pass through the cell membrane into the cell. These nutrients are transferred into the blood or other body fluids and distributed to the rest of the body. • gastrina hormone that stimulates the production of gastric acid in the stomach Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System • glucosea simple monosaccharide (sugar) with a molecular formula of C6H12O6; it is a principal source of energy for cellular metabolism • herbivoreany animal that eats only vegetation (i.e. that eats no meat) • ingestionconsuming something orally, whether it be food, drink, medicine, or other substance; the first step of digestion • intestinal florathe bacterial colonies that normally live in the digestive tract of animals • intracellularIntracellular digestion is a form of digestion which takes place within the cytoplasm of the organism. Intracellular digestion takes place in animals without a digestive tract, in which food items are brought into the cell for digestion. • intracellular digestionIntracellular digestion is a form of digestion which takes place within the cytoplasm of the organism. Intracellular digestion takes place in animals without a digestive tract, in which food items are brought into the cell for digestion. • lipaseEnzymes in the pancreatic juices that break down lipids. • macromoleculea very large molecule, especially used in reference to large biological polymers (e.g. nucleic acids and proteins) • masticationthe process of chewing • mechanical digestionThe physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by enzymes. • neuralof, or relating to the nerves, neurons or the nervous system • nutrienta source of nourishment, such as food, that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System • obligate carnivorean animal that necessarily subsists on a diet consisting mainly of meat because it does not possess the physiology to digest vegetable matter • omnivorean animal which is able to consume both plants (like a herbivore) and meat (like a carnivore) • pepsina digestive enzyme that chemically digests, or breaks down, proteins into shorter chains of amino acids • peristalsisthe rhythmic, wave-like contraction and relaxation of muscles which propagates in a wave down a muscular tube • peristalsisthe rhythmic, wave-like contraction and relaxation of muscles which propagates in a wave down a muscular tube • peristalticof, or pertaining to the rhythmic, wave-like contraction of the digestive tract that forces food through it • phosphodiesterany of many biologically active compounds in which two alcohols form ester bonds with phosphate • proventriculusthe part of the avian stomach, between the crop and the gizzard, that secretes digestive enzymes • salivary glandany of several exocrine glands that produce saliva to break down carbohydrates in food enzymatically • secretina peptide hormone, secreted by the duodenum, that serves to regulate its acidity • somatostatina polypeptide hormone, secreted by the pancreas, that inhibits the production of certain other hormones • sphinctera ringlike band of muscle that surrounds a bodily opening, constricting and relaxing as required for normal physiological functioning Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System • villusa small projection from a mucous membrane, particularly those found in the intestines • vitaminany of a specific group of organic compounds essential in small quantities for healthy human growth, metabolism, development, and body function Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Villi of the small intestine Villi are folds on the small intestine lining that increase the surface area to facilitate the absorption of nutrients. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Digestive Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44736/latest/Figure_34_01_11f.pngView on Boundless.com

  16. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Large intestine The large intestine reabsorbs water from undigested food and stores waste material until it is eliminated. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Digestive Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44736/latest/Figure_34_01_12.jpgView on Boundless.com

  17. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Lipid digestion and absorption Lipids are digested and absorbed in the small intestine. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Digestive System Processes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44742/latest/Figure_34_03_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  18. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Examples of omnivores Omnivores such as the (a) bear and (b) crayfish eat both plant- and animal-based food. While their food options are greater than those of herbivores or carnivores, they are still limited by what they can find to eat, or what they can catch. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Digestive Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44736/latest/Figure_34_01_03ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  19. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Digestion begins in the oral cavity Digestion of food begins in the (a) oral cavity. Food is masticated by teeth and moistened by saliva secreted from the (b) salivary glands. Enzymes in the saliva begin to digest starches and fats. With the help of the tongue, the resulting bolus is moved into the esophagus by swallowing. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Digestive Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44736/latest/Figure_34_01_08ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  20. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Invertebrate digestive systems (a) A gastrovascular cavity has a single opening through which food is ingested and waste is excreted, as shown in this hydra and in this jellyfish medusa. (b) An alimentary canal has two openings: a mouth for ingesting food and an anus for eliminating waste, as shown in this nematode. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Digestive Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44736/latest/Figure_34_01_04ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  21. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Mechanical and chemical digestion Mechanical and chemical digestion of food takes place in many steps, beginning in the mouth and ending in the rectum. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Digestive System Processes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44742/latest/Figure_34_03_04.pngView on Boundless.com

  22. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Intestinal flora Escherichia coli is one of the many species of bacteria present in the human gut. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Gut flora."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_floraView on Boundless.com

  23. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Invertebrates with Extracellular Digestion Invertebrates like grasshoppers have alimentary canals with specialized compartments for digestion. Their food is broken down in their digestive tract (extracellular digestion), rather than inside their individual cells (intracellular digestion). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Spotted Grasshopper IMG 9023a."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spotted_Grasshopper_IMG_9023a.jpgView on Boundless.com

  24. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Esophagus The esophagus transfers food from the mouth to the stomach through peristaltic movements. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Digestive Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44736/latest/Figure_34_01_09.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Mastication The first step in obtaining nutrition is ingestion. Ingested food must be broken down into small pieces by mastication, or chewing. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Pixabay."Fork, Woman, Eating, Salad - Free image - 207410."CC BYhttp://pixabay.com/en/fork-woman-eating-salad-close-up-207410/View on Boundless.com

  26. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Bird digestive system The avian esophagus has a pouch, called a crop, which stores food. Food passes from the crop to the first of two stomachs, called the proventriculus, which contains digestive juices that break down food. From the proventriculus, the food enters the second stomach, called the gizzard, which grinds food. Some birds swallow stones or grit, which are stored in the gizzard, to aid the grinding process. Birds do not have separate openings to excrete urine and feces. Instead, uric acid from the kidneys is secreted into the large intestine and combined with waste from the digestive process. This waste is excreted through an opening called the cloaca. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Digestive Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44736/latest/Figure_34_01_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  27. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Mammalian digestive system (non-ruminant) (a) Humans and herbivores, such as the (b) rabbit, have a monogastric digestive system. However, in the rabbit, the small intestine and cecum are enlarged to allow more time to digest plant material. The enlarged organ provides more surface area for absorption of nutrients. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Digestive Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44736/latest/Figure_34_01_05ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  28. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Ruminant mammal digestive system Ruminant animals, such as goats and cows, have four stomachs. The first two stomachs, the rumen and the reticulum, contain prokaryotes and protists that are able to digest cellulose fiber. The ruminant regurgitates cud from the reticulum, chews it, and swallows it into a third stomach, the omasum, which removes water. The cud then passes onto the fourth stomach, the abomasum, where it is digested by enzymes produced by the ruminant. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Digestive Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44736/latest/Figure_34_01_07.jpgView on Boundless.com

  29. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Examples of herbivores Herbivores, such as this (a) mule deer and (b) monarch caterpillar, eat primarily plant material. Some herbivores contain symbiotic bacteria within their intestines to aid with the digestion of the cellulose found in plant cell walls. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Digestive Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44736/latest/Figure_34_01_01ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  30. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Examples of carnivores Carnivores such as the (a) lion eat primarily meat. The (b) ladybug is also a carnivore that consumes small insects called aphids. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Digestive Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44736/latest/Figure_34_01_02ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Stomach digestion The human stomach has an extremely acidic environment where most of the protein gets digested. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Digestive Systems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44736/latest/Figure_34_01_10f.pngView on Boundless.com

  32. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System A balanced diet For humans, a balanced diet includes fruits, vegetables, grains, and protein. Each of these food sources provides different nutrients the body cannot make for itself. These include vitamins, omega 3 fatty acids, and some amino acids. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Nutrition and Energy Production. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44740/latest/Figure_34_02_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  33. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Digestion of carbohydrates Digestion of carbohydrates is performed by several enzymes. Starch and glycogen are broken down into glucose by amylase and maltase. Sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (milk sugar) are broken down by sucrase and lactase, respectively. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Digestive System Processes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44742/latest/Figure_34_03_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  34. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Protein digestion and absorption Protein digestion is a multistep process that begins in the stomach and continues through the intestines. Proteins are absorbed into the blood stream by the small intestine. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Digestive System Processes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44742/latest/Figure_34_03_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  35. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Digestive endocrine system Hormones, such as secretin and cholecystokinin, play important roles in digestive processes. These hormones are released from endocrine tissue to generate specific controls in the digestion of chyme. As seen in the image, hormones are vital players in several bodily functions and processes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Endocrine Alimentary system en."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endocrine_Alimentary_system_en.svgView on Boundless.com

  36. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Salivation Seeing a plate of food triggers the secretion of saliva in the mouth and the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Digestive System Regulation. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44744/latest/Figure_34_04_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  37. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Generalized animal digestive system This diagram shows a generalized animal digestive system, detailing the different organs and their functions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Anatomy and physiology of animals Summary of the main functions of the different regions of the gut."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_and_physiology_of_animals_Summary_of_the_main_functions_of_the_different_regions_of_the_gut.jpgView on Boundless.com

  38. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System ATP production pathways ATP is the energy molecule of the cell. It is produced through various pathways during the cellular respiration process, with each making different amounts of energy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."ATP Production Pathways."CC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ATP_Production_Pathways.jpgView on Boundless.com

  39. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Balanced human diet For humans, fruits and vegetables are important in maintaining a balanced diet. Both of these are an important source of vitamins and minerals, as well as carbohydrates, which are broken down through digestion for energy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Introduction. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44734/latest/Figure_34_00_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  40. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Sea buckthorn seed oil Sea buckthorn seed oil contains many vital nutrients. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Sea buckthorn seed oil gel."CC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sea_buckthorn_seed_oil_gel.JPEGView on Boundless.com

  41. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Amino Acids There are 20 known amino acids. Animals can make only 11, so the others must be obtained through the diet. Meats are the best source of amino acids, although some amino acids can also be obtained from vegetables and grains. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Amino Acids."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amino_Acids.svgView on Boundless.com

  42. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System Attribution • Wiktionary."alimentary canal."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alimentary_canal • Wiktionary."digestion."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/digestion • Wiktionary."macromolecule."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/macromolecule • Wikispaces."ScienceMasters - Digestive System."CC BY-SAhttp://sciencemasters.wikispaces.com/Digestive+System • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44734/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."obligate carnivore."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/obligate_carnivore • Wiktionary."omnivore."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/omnivore • Wiktionary."carnivore."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carnivore • Wiktionary."herbivore."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/herbivore • Wikispaces."Yr11-Biology-Revision - Digestive systems."CC BY-SAhttp://yr11-biology-revision.wikispaces.com/Digestive+systems • Wikispaces."garrettward - omnivore."CC BY-SAhttp://garrettward.wikispaces.com/omnivore • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44736/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."alimentary canal."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alimentary_canal • Wikipedia."extracellular digestion."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/extracellular%20digestion • Wikipedia."intracellular digestion."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/intracellular%20digestion • Wiktionary."intracellular."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intracellular • Wiktionary."extracellular."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/extracellular Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  43. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System • Wiktionary."casting."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/casting • WIKISPACES."Comparing-Invertebrates - 29-2 Form and Function in Invertebrates."CC BY-SAhttp://comparing-invertebrates.wikispaces.com/29-2+Form+and+Function+in+Invertebrates • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44736/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."cellulose."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cellulose • Wiktionary."proventriculus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proventriculus • Wiktionary."peristalsis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peristalsis • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44736/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."chyme."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chyme • Wiktionary."pepsin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pepsin • Wiktionary."peristalsis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peristalsis • Wiktionary."bolus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bolus • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44736/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."colon."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/colon • Wiktionary."sphincter."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sphincter • Wiktionary."duodenum."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/duodenum • Wiktionary."villus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/villus • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44736/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."vitamin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vitamin • Wiktionary."catabolism."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/catabolism Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  44. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System • Wiktionary."nutrient."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nutrient • Wikispaces."healthyeatingfoods - Vitamins and Minerals.."CC BY-SAhttp://healthyeatingfoods.wikispaces.com/Vitamins+and+Minerals. • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44740/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."adenosine triphosphate."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/adenosine%20triphosphate • Wiktionary."phosphodiester."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phosphodiester • Wiktionary."glucose."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glucose • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44740/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."bolus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bolus • Wiktionary."ingestion."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ingestion • Wiktionary."mastication."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mastication • Wikipedia."Ingestion."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingestion • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Digestive System Processes. November 24, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44742/latest/ • Wikibooks."Medical Physiology/Gastrointestinal Physiology/Motility."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Medical_Physiology/Gastrointestinal_Physiology/Motility%23Mastication • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44742/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."amylase."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amylase • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/lipase • Wiktionary."chylomicron."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chylomicron • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44742/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/constipation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  45. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System • Wiktionary."intestinal flora."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intestinal+flora • Wiktionary."emesis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emesis • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44742/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."salivary gland."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/salivary_gland • Wiktionary."neural."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neural • Wiktionary."peristaltic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peristaltic • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44744/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."endocrine system."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/endocrine_system • Wiktionary."somatostatin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/somatostatin • Wiktionary."cholecystokinin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cholecystokinin • Wiktionary."secretin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/secretin • Wiktionary."gastrin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gastrin • Wiktionary."chyme."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chyme • Wikipedia."Endocrine system."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_system • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44744/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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