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BIAN2013 The Neandertals: whence and whither

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BIAN2013 The Neandertals: whence and whither

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    1. BIAN2013 The Neandertals: whence and whither?

    2. From Homo heidelbergensis? From about 700-400 ka, Homo heidelbergensis was the species occupying Europe* *and Africa By about 120 ka, Homo neanderthalensis was in occupation What happened in between?

    3. The fossil sequence in Europe

    4. The Neandertal features to look for Suprainiac fossa Increased occipital convexity Occipitomastoid crest Reduced mastoid “En bombe” braincase Laterally deepened ophryonic groove Evenly circular supraorbital tori Large round orbits Deeply depressed glabella Nasal protrusion Protruding midface Enlarged maxillary sinus / no canine fossa Malars slope to maxilla Taurodontism Retromolar space Truncated jaw angle Mental foramen further back, under M1 Subvertical mandibular symphysis

    5. Steinheim, Germany

    6. Swanscombe, England

    7. Atapuerca – Sima de los Huesos (Cave of Bones)

    8. SH5 Some primitive features, but mainly derived Neandertal features of face

    9. SH4 more derived occipital features than SH5

    10. Conclusions to Stages 11-9

    11. Stages 7-5: very Neandertal

    12. Saccopastore, Italy

    13. CT scans of Saccopastore showing sinuses

    14. Krapina

    15. Conclusion on Stages 7-5 Most of the Neadertal features are present The main difference: cranial capacity is less enlarged Mean Early – 1289.1cc Mean Late - 1482.5cc

    16. How to classify the intermediates? As Homo heidelbergensis As Homo neanderthalensis As (one or more) species on their own: Homo steinheimensis Homo ehringsdorfensis Split them according to which they are closest to phenetically

    17. The composite species concept A species commences at the base of a stem along which a new character state becomes fixed - after Kornet, 1991 So the intermediates are Homo neanderthalensis Leaving Homo heidelbergensis as the basal species without any derived (Neanderthal, or sapient) character states

    18. How far east does Homo neanderthalensis extend?

    19. Maba, Guangxi, China

    20. - and, on the way to China:

    21. An eastward spread?

    22. So maybe Neandertals briefly extended as far as east as southern China

    23. And what became of them? About 40 ka, Homo sapiens began to spread into Europe (see next week) Did Neandertals disappear because of competition (or warfare?) Or did they interbreed?

    24. Late Neandertals

    25. Neandertals survived latest in southern Spain -

    26. - And in Croatia

    27. BUT -

    29. What other fossils have been tested? Serre et al. made mtDNA primers from Feldhofer, Mesmeskaiya and Vindija 75 They tested four Neandertals: Vindija 77, Vindija 80, Engis 2 and La Chapelle-aux-Saints. All of them amplified using the Neandertal primers They tested five European early moderns: Mladec 25c and 2, Cro-Magnon, Abri Pataud and La Madeleine. None of them amplified using the Neandertal primers

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