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BIOHAZARD

BIOHAZARD. Biohazard Defined…. “Those infectious agents presenting a risk of death, injury or illness to employees.”. Two Main Infectious Agents. Viruses Smallest infectious organisms Take over cells, including reproductive mechanisms, and multiply inside of “host” cells

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BIOHAZARD

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  1. BIOHAZARD

  2. Biohazard Defined… “Those infectious agents presenting a risk of death, injury or illness to employees.”

  3. Two Main Infectious Agents • Viruses • Smallest infectious organisms • Take over cells, including reproductive mechanisms, and multiply inside of “host” cells • Few viral infections can be treated with anti-viral drugs • Bacteria • Single-celled microorganisms • Produce toxins that damage cells • Most bacteria can be treated with drugs

  4. Infectious Disease • Developed complacency in 2ND half of 20th century because of successful medications & vaccinations • Est. 17 million a year pass away from diseases • Bacteria & viruses develop mechanisms to resist drugs • They survive and continue to multiply • Antibiotics or antiviral medications either kill or inhibit growth • Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends using antibiotics only when needed

  5. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) • CDC focuses on disease prevention and control, health promotion and education activities, & environmental health • Is the leading federal agency for health & safety, since 1946, and is an agency of the Dept. of Health & Human Services • Excellent source for information about diseases • www.cdc.gov

  6. TB HIV AIDS Hepatitis Main Concerns Today

  7. Tuberculosis (TB) • Mycobacterium tuberculosis, slow growing organism • Not as easy to transmit as the common cold, contracted likely from family & friends • Breathing in respirable size water droplets in the air containing the TB virus via coughing, sneezing, & talking, etc. • If droplet nuclei reach the alveoli an infection develops

  8. History of TB • Until mid 1800’s, was thought to be hereditary • 1865 Frenchman Jean-Antoine Villenin proved TB is contagious • 1882 German scientist Robert Koch discovered the bacteria that causes the TB disease • Until the 1940’s & 1950’s people that could afford it were put in sanatoriums

  9. TB History cont., • In 1943 American scientist Seman Woksman discovered Streptomycin drug to kill the TB bacteria • Between 1943 & 1952 two more drugs discovered, people were being cured • By mid 1970’s sanatoriums were closed • Since 1980’s TB is returning, building a resistance to current drugs

  10. TB Today • In 1995, TB killed more than 3 million people worldwide • Believed to be 2 billion carriers worldwide

  11. TB Stages • 1) Latent – dormant, virus becomes active at later stage if untreated, detected by tuberculin skin test • Treatment… Isoniazide (9 months), Rifenpin (2 months) • 2) Active – contagious, shows up on chest x-ray • Treatment… isolation for 1st 2 weeks until chest x-ray is clear, medication for 9-12 months • People who have Latent TB are not infectious

  12. TB Risks & Problems • People who are at high risks of contracting TB • A.I.D.S & H.I.V. • Diabetics & alcoholics • People living in high population facilities • Smokers (pipe, cigarettes, cigars, marajuana, etc.) • TB problems in immigration areas of U.S., people coming from former Soviet Union, etc. • Not treated • Mistreated • Don’t take the medications

  13. “Microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria that are carried in blood and cause disease” Blood borne Pathogens

  14. Sources of Infection • Items caked with dried blood (PPE) • Sharps – needles, scalpels, broken glass, etc. • Body fluids – semen, vaginal secretions, saliva, etc. • Pathological and microbiological wastes • Others – eyes, mouth, cuts in skin, body openings • Careless behaviors

  15. Sources of Infection cont.,

  16. Sources of Infection cont.,

  17. Human immunodeficiency virus (H.I.V.) • Attacks & breaks down the body’s immune system • Detected by screening test called ELISA, confirmed by Western Blot test, which is 98% accurate • Can take from 6-8 weeks to several months to develop antibodies that are detectable in tests • Can take up to 10 years for symptoms to develop, some much sooner

  18. HIV Infection…

  19. HIV cont., • How spread and/or contracted • sexual intercourse, transfusions, hypodermic needles, mucous or broken skin sites • At risk employees • health care workers, public safety (police, fire personnel, etc.)

  20. Stages of HIV Disease 1) Flu-like symptoms; fever, headaches, fatigue, etc. 2) After anti-bodies develop, immune system & body tissues begin to become damaged 3) 1st usual symptoms appear; swelling of the lymph glands in the throat, armpits, or groin areas 4) Serious damage develops; yeast infections & viral infections in anus & genitals, other severe infections 5) AIDS develops

  21. Overview History of AIDS 1926 – Scientists believe HIV spread from monkeys to humans between 1926 – 1946 1959 – The first proven AIDS death was a Congo man 1978 – Gay men in U.S., Sweden and Haiti begin showing signs of AIDS 1980 – 31 deaths in U.S. from AIDS 1982 – CDC links the disease to blood, President Reagan hasn’t recognized AIDS yet

  22. AIDS History cont., • 1987 – Reagan acknowledges AIDS, V.P. Bush is ridiculed calling for mandatory testing (gay disease) • 1988 – 107,000 diagnosed cases of AIDS in U.S., about half of those died • 1993 – About 250,000 people have died from AIDS since 1980 in the U.S.

  23. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) • AIDS is the last stage of the HIV disease • White blood cell count is below 200 per milliliter • Presence of a severe condition or infection develops • Basically waste away, no current cure for AIDS

  24. Thrush – white coating around mouth, tongue Rapid weight loss Severe diarrhea Abnormal bruising Discolored and/or bleeding growths Deep, dry coughing Fevers and night sweats Personality changes Symptoms of AIDS

  25. AIDS Statistics • 36 million currently living with HIV/AIDS worldwide • 22 million have passed away since the beginning • Last year (2000), 3 million people passed away

  26. Hepatitis • Inflammation of the liver disease • Types… A, B, C, D, E • A, B, & C viruses most common

  27. Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) • Food borne • Preventable • Vaccine available, 3 series shot

  28. HAV cont., • HAV virus found in stool of persons infected • Usually spread by mouth • Found in poor sanitary conditions, or where personal hygiene is not good • HAV is also found in drinking water and water supplies where stool feces is mixed in

  29. People at Risk for HAV infections • Travelers • Share household with someone infected with HAV • People who eat in public • Men who have sex with other men • Children • Healthcare professions

  30. Symptoms & Prevention for HAV • Eyes turn yellow, dark urine, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, etc. • Is most contagious in person before symptoms appear • Can get Immune Globulin vaccine

  31. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Blood-borne, not food-borne like HAV HBV can be a lifelong infection Is preventable with vaccine, but it is not curable once contracted Symptoms (6 weeks to 6 months) – fever, chills, joint & muscle pain, abdominal cramps, Jaundice, abdominal cramps HBV Can cause cirrhosis, liver cancer, and death Killed more than a million people in 1995

  32. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) • Related to types A & B • Blood-borne • Ranks 2nd to alcoholics for liver damage, alcohol speeds up progression • New, 1992 was the main discovery period, need more time to research • No current medication, no cure, leads to early death • Interfuron can help some cases

  33. Outcomes for A, B, & C viruses • Type A – preventable, curable • Type B – preventable, incurable • Type C – no vaccine, incurable

  34. Suggestions for Types A, B or C • Stop drinking alcoholic beverages • Avoid medications that are at risk to liver damage • Eat well, exercise, and rest

  35. Other Infectious Diseases • Whooping Cough • Develop a series of short, convulsive coughs followed by a whoop • Measles • Develop small red spots, fever and flu-like symptoms • Cholera • A severe, contagious infection in the small intestine • Salmonella • Causes food poisoning

  36. Global Outlook on Public Health • Population increases • Increased # of environmental and political refugees • Biosphere’s life-support systems have been disrupted • Increased private cars emitting toxins • Increased worldwide travel, helps spread disease

  37. Regulations • Applies to one or more employees • Bloodborne Pathogens - 29 CFR 1910.1030 • Exposure Control Plan, required by OSHA • Requires employers to identify in writing where occupational exposures to blood occurs • Recordkeeping • Medical records of an employee who sustained an occupational exposure related to Biohazards, must be kept for the term of employment plus 30 years • Hazard Communication – WAC 296-62-054

  38. Worker Protection • Wash hands thoroughly with antiseptic soap • Wear appropriate PPE • Gloves, gowns, masks, mouthpieces, etc. • Cover exposed cuts, abrasions, wounds, etc. • Remove PPE without touching contamination • Decontaminate work surfaces with appropriate disinfectant • Biohazard warning labels • Flourescent orange or orange-red • Red bags or containers appropriate substitutes

  39. Disposal or Cleaning of Contaminated Materials • Clothing should be washed at 160 F or higher for at least 25 minutes • Store used sharps in puncture resistant, leak-proof container

  40. Biohazard Symbols

  41. Sources of Information • Ann Riley – Director of Health Department • Randy Kaiser – Safety and Health at Hospital • Class Text • Pamphlets at Red Cross Office • Internet websites • Other books at CWU Library

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