01/07

1. 01/07 An individual who experiences major distortions of reality is most likely suffering from which of the following types of disorders: A)Anxiety B) Mood C) Adjustment D) Schizophrenia E) Bipolar

2. 1/08 Jared wants to use the foot-in-door technique to try to convince his parents to buy him a car. Which of the following would most clearly demonstrate his correct application of the technique? • He asks his parents for a very expensive truck, and when they refuse, he asks for an economy car. • He tells his parents that he will sacrifice half his allowance for a year if they buy him a car. • He asks his parents to buy him a bicycle, and when they agree to do that, he asks them to buy him a car instead. • He tells his parents that if they buy him a car, he will wash their car every week and drive his little sister to school.

3. 1/09 With which of the following would a cognitively oriented therapist most likely be concerned: • The number of negative self-statements made by the patient. • The temperament of the patient as a child • The number of individuals in the patient’s household • The physiological makeup of the patient • The responses made by the patient on a projective test.

4. Chapter 18: Social Psychology Studying the way we think about, influence, and relate to one another. Attitude Attraction Group Behavior Aggression

5. Attribution Theory • Explains how people determine the cause of the behavior they observe. It is either a…. • Situational Attribution (The situation) • Dispositional Attribution ( The person’s personality/disposition) Example: A teacher may wonder whether a child’s hostility reflects an aggressive personality (personality disposition) or a reaction to stress or abuse (situation)

7. Fundamental Attribution Error David Napolitan and George Goethals experiment with Williams College Students. Attributed teacher’s behavior to her disposition. • The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. • Individualistic (stronger)V. Collectivistic Cultures False Consensus Effect Just-World Bias (society) Self-Serving Bias Have you ever had a negative view of an actor/actress because of a role they played? If you win it is because you are awesome…if you lose, it must have been the coach or weather or….

8. Attitudesfeelings often based on our beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events • Attitudes predict behavior imperfectly • Attitudes often follow a behavior • Advertising is ALL based on attitude formation. • Mere Exposure Effect

9. Compliance StrategiesConvincing people to act against their beliefs can affect their attitude. • Ex. U.S. POW in Korean War. • Foot-in-the-door phenomenon-The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. Good and bad! Ex. California “Drive Carefully” sign. Started with 3 inch “Be a Safe Driver” sign. • Door-in-the-face phenomenon- a big request is made (knowing they will reject) in order for someone to accept a smaller request. • Role playing affects attitudes!!

10. Zimbardo’s Prison Study • Showed how we deindividuate AND become the roles we are given. • Students at Stanford played the roles of prisoner and prison guards in the basement of the psychology building. • Zimbardo had to call off the study after 6 days Zimbardo Prison Study

11. Abu Ghraib • Us Prison in Iraq

13. Attitude and Behavior • Do attitudes tell us about someone’s behavior? • LaPiere’sStudy (actions don’t always follow our intentions) Cognitive Dissonance Theory • Leon Festinger • People want their attitudes and actions to be congruent • They usually bring their attitudes into line with their actions Example: U.S. War in Iraq. Why did we originally go to war in Iraq? 38% justified in WMD….58% The teacher was really bad so in that class it is OK. You have a belief that cheating on tests is bad. But you cheat on a test!!!

16. ConformityAdjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. • Chameleon Effect: Unconsciously mimic others’ expressions, postures, and voice tones. Helps understand what they are feeling. • Copy cat Columbine (all except Vermont) • Marilyn Monroe suicide

17. Asch’s Study of Conformity

18. Asch’s Results • About 1/3 of the participants conformed. • 70% conformed at least once. To strengthen conformity: • The group is unanimous • Others in the group observe one’s behavior • The group is at least three people. • One admires the group’s status • One had made no prior commitment to any response • One’s culture strongly encourages respect for social standards.

19. Reasons for Conforming • Normative Social Influence: Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. Ex. Tony Smith • Informational social Influence: Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept other’s opinions about reality. Ex. Denton in British Highway (30 miles)

20. Obediance • Key term: Obedience to authority An outcome of social influence where an individual acts according to the orders of some authority figure. It is assumed that without the order the person would have not acted in this way.

21. What types of people would you obey? (write on white boards) • Look at the following slide that contains 14 pictures of people in uniforms. • If they ordered you to do something who would you most likely obey? Put in order 1=definitely would obey!! & 14= Know way!

23. What if a person in authority asked you to do something you didn’t agree with like harm another person? What if the authority figure appears to have a higher status than we do? What if you couldn’t see that target of the violence? Would you obey the order if you saw a peer blindly complying with the authority figure? What if you were being watched over or supervised by an authority figure who is giving the orders? What if you felt like you were merely assisting someone else doing the actual dirty work?

24. How many of us would become abusive and sadistic if power was placed in our hands?

25. You see the following advertisement….you’re interested, you could do with some beer money….. Worth $36 now

26. Obedience to Authority experiment (electric shock test) by Stanley Milgram (1963) • Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, conducted a study focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. He examined justifications for acts of genocide offered by those accused at the World War II, Nuremberg War Crimes trials. Their defence often was based on "obedience" - - that they were just obeying orders whilst under the authority of their superiors. “I set up a simple experiment to test how much pain an ordinary citizen would inflict on another person simply because he was ordered to by an experimental scientist. Stark authority was pitted against the subjects' strongest moral imperatives against hurting others, and, with the subjects' ears ringing with the screams of the victims, authority won more often than not. The extreme willingness of adults to go to almost any lengths on the command of an authority constitutes the chief finding of the study and the fact most urgently demanding explanation." Milgram (1974)

27. Remember these? Milgram found that people are capable of hurting others in all of the situations below What if the authority figure appears to have a higher status than we do? What if you couldn’t see that target of the violence? Would you obey the order if you saw a peer blindly complying with the authority figure? What if you were being watched over or supervised by an authority figure who is giving the orders? What if you felt like you were merely assisting someone else doing the actual dirty work?

28. Milgram’s Study of Obedience (1963,1974) Milgram Experiment

29. Results of the MilgramStudy63%

30. What did we learn from Milgram? • Ordinary people can do shocking thingsif: • The person giving orders was close • The authority figure had credibility • The victim was de-personalized or at a distance • There were no role models for defiance

31. Real Life Example: Holocaust Summer of 1942 • 500 German reserve police officers were ordered by a visibly upset commander to round up the village’s Jews and send half to working camps and to shoot the other half on the spot. • Only a dozen refused to do so. • The rest of the 485 recruits, most family men, killed about 1500 helpless women, children, and elderly by shooting them in the back of the head while laying face down. • Some did end up dissenting as they heard the pleas (20%) • However, the disobedient were in the minority.

32. Group Dynamics

33. Social Facilitation Theory(Norman Triplett) Prescence of other’s boosts performance. • If you are really good at something….or it is an easy task…you will perform BETTER in front of a group. • If it is a difficult task or you are not very good at it…you will perform WORSE in front of a group (social impairment). • Works with comedy as well

34. Social Loafing • The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling efforts toward a common goal than if they were individually accountable. • Clapping example (1/3rd less), tug of war example (82% as much effort) • Why? • Less accountable • View contribution as dispensible

35. DeindividuationThe loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. • People get swept up in a group and lose sense of self. • Feel anonymous and aroused. • Explains rioting behaviors.

36. Group PolarizationThe enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. • Good & bad results • Groups tend to make more extreme decisions than the individual. Jonestown

37. Groupthink • Group members suppress their reservations about the ideas supported by the group. • They are more concerned with group harmony. • Worse in highly cohesive groups. • Ex: Newly elected JFK and Bay of Pigs. • Other examples: Failure to anticipate Pearl Harbor attack, U.S. Watergate cover up, and Challenger explosion HOWEVER, two heads can be better than one. Ex. Marshall Plan (Truman), Kennedy and Missile Crisis • THE POWER OF THE INDIVIDUAL Social Control(power of situation) and personal control (power of individual). Three individuals at Abu Ghraib, communism, “Fullton’s Folly

39. Stereotypes, Prejudice and Discrimination Stereotype: • Overgeneralized idea about a group of people. Prejudice: “prejudgment” • Unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude towards a group of people-often a different cultural, ethnic, or gender group. Discrimination: • Action based on prejudice. A negative behavior. Example: To believe that overweight people are gluttonous, to feel antipathy for an overweight person, and to be hesitant to hire an overweight person is be prejudiced. Prejudice is a negative attitude, discrimination is a negative behavior. • Prejudgments color our perceptions 1970s study (horsing around vs. violence)

40. Does Prejudice Still Occur? • 6 in 10 Europeans said immigrants are a bad influence on their country. • In most places in the world, gays and lesbians can’t comfortably acknowledge who they love. • In the United States, the majority of motorists that are stopped and searched are African American. Ex. Dr. Elmo Randolph stopped over 100 times over 4 years. Ended up having to sell his gold BMW. • In Abu Dhabi, women are not allowed to drive • Western cultures pay more to men • Worldwide, women have a lower literacy rate (69% to 83%) • China (40 million bachelors) • Suppose you could only have one child…..what would it be? 2/3rds said BOY.

41. Which person placed an ad seeking a special lady to love and cherish forever?

42. How does prejudice occur? Just world Phenomenon-the tendency to believe the world is just and that people therefore get wheat they deserve and deserve what they get. • In one study female and male subjects were told two versions of a story about an interaction between a woman and a man. Both variations were exactly the same, except at the very end the man raped the woman in one and in the other he proposed marriage. • In both conditions, both female and male subjects viewed the woman's (identical) actions as inevitably leading to the (very different) results. • Hindsight bias: the women should of Known better. Others didn’t see the Women’s actions as inviting rape.

43. How does prejudice occur? • Our ancestral need to belong, we are a group bound species…..we cheer for our groups, kill for them, die for them. • John Turner and Michael Hogg noted that through our social identities we associate ourselves with certain groups and contrast ourselves with others. • Ingroup: “Us”-people with whom one shares a common identity. • Outgroup-”Them” –those perceived as different or apart from one’s ingroup. • Ingroup bias: the tendency to favor one’s own group • Scapegoat Theory: The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. • Who have we used as a scapegoat for our anger in U.S. History?

44. How does prejudice occur? • Social Inequalities: People vary in the amount of money, power, and prestige they have. • People tend to develop attitudes that justify things as they are. Ex. Many slave owners justified having slaves by perceiving slaves as lazy, ignorant, and irresponsible. • Categorizing: People tend to simplify and our world into categories. This forms divisions in society.

45. Combating Prejudice Contact Theory • Contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity if they are made to work towards a superordinate goal. • Sherif camp study • GRIT: Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction Start with initiating one or more small, conciliatory acts. This opens up the door for the other party to reciprocate. Known to increase trust and cooperation.

46. AltruismUnselfish regard for the welfare of others. • Kitty Genovese Case • A stalker repeatedly stabbed her then raped her • 38 neighbors heard the screams • None called the police • Her attacker fled, then retuned to stab and rape her again Bystander Effect • The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. (40% to 20%) Pluralistic Ignorance • People decide what to do by looking to others.

47. The Norms for Helping The best odds of our helping someone occur when: • The victim appears to need and deserve help • The victim is in some way similar to us • We have just observed someone else being helpful • We are not in a hurry • We are in a small town or rural area • We are feeling guilty • We are focused on others and not preoccupied • We are in a good mood  • Why do we help? Social Exchange Theory: The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. Ex. Donate blood Reciprocity Norm: An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. Ex. Favors, gifts, and social invitations Social Responsibility Norm: An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them. Ex. Little children

48. Pro-Social Behavior (Altruism) • Altruism • The unselfish regard for the welfare of others • Carl Wilkens • Hotel Rwanda • Battled Genocide in Africa

49. Psychology of AggressionAny physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy Two types of aggression • Instrumental Aggression-to obtain a certain goal. • Hostile Aggression-to inflict harm or pain. The Biology of Aggression: • Genetic Influence: Genes influence aggression. Twin study…..Y Chromosome • Neural Influence: Amygdala!! No one spot however. • Biochemical Influence: Hormones and alcohol. Theories of Aggression: Bandura’s Modeling-OBSERVATION. Rape myth (Gone With the Wind) Frustration-Aggression Principle: The principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression. • Aversive Events can cause aggression: Hot temperatures, physical pain, personal Insults, etc. • Rejection induced aggression: If ostracized or made fun of,more liable to act aggressive. • Video Games Artest Fight

50. Attraction 4Factors of Attraction