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Primary course objectives

Primary course objectives. To learn about the fundamentals of epidemiology To apply these techniques to various aspects of injury prevention and control To learn how to search the scientific literature for evidence related to a specific topic. Course philosophy.

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Primary course objectives

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  1. Primary course objectives • To learn about the fundamentals of epidemiology • To apply these techniques to various aspects of injury prevention and control • To learn how to search the scientific literature for evidence related to a specific topic

  2. Course philosophy This course will use a problem-based learning approach to epidemiology. It is designed to be applied to real life research situations. Students are expected to try to solve problems themselves, and encouraged to help each other learn.

  3. Course overview Typical Course Format • Initial lecture on current topic • Questions • One example from the literature • Overview and questions

  4. Week 1An overview • Definition of epidemiology • Exposure and outcome • Study design • One example:

  5. Definitions of epidemiology • McMahon and Pugh, 1970 “The study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in man” • Anderson, 1979“The study of the occurrence of illness”

  6. Definitions of epidemiology • Lilienfeld, A: In Foundations of Epidemiology“The study of the distribution of disease or physiological condition in human populations, and of the factors that influence this distribution” • Last, JM.: in A Dictionary of Epidemiology:“The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.”

  7. Epidemiology Snow (1851): British Physician demonstrated that the risk of cholera was related to the drinking water supplied by a particular company in London, and, by inference, to the source from which the water came from. Water company Number Deaths from Deaths per of houses Cholera 10,000 houses Southwark 40,046 1263 315 and Vauxhall Lambeth 26,107 98 37

  8. Epidemiology and Kinesiology • Kinesiology is defined as:“The study of human movement and relationships between physical activity and health.” • The application of epidemiology to kinesiology lies primarily in the study of the relationship between physical activity and health

  9. Methodological Considerations:Exposure and Outcomes Exposure Outcome Causal pathway No outcome No exposure

  10. What is exposure? Some examples from Kinesiology: - Programs to promote activity - Exercise - Balance training - Use of protective equipment - Others?

  11. What is an outcome? Some examples from Kinesiology: • Usually related to improved health - Weight loss ( BMI) - Fewer injuries - Healthier lifestyle - Increased participation - Others?

  12. Exposure and Outcomes Outcome Exposure Causal pathway No exposure No outcome Potential for bias, other explanations

  13. Types of epidemiologic studies • Descriptive • Describes the problem under study in a given population • Analytic • Tests the hypothesis that an exposure and outcome are related

  14. Epidemiologic study designs • Randomized controlled trial • Considered the ‘gold standard’ • Exposure is assigned randomly • Participants followed over time to assess outcome • Analytic comparison of risk or benefit in exposed vs. not exposed • Can be applied to program evaluation

  15. Epidemiologic study design 2 2. Cohort study • One group exposed • Other group unexposed • Participants followed over time to assess outcome • Analytic comparison of risk in exposed vs. not exposed • Can be applied to program evaluation

  16. Epidemiologic study designs 3 3. Case-control study • Based on outcome • Exposure is compared in those with and without outcome • Analytic comparison of risk in exposed vs. not exposed 4. Descriptive study • Provides descriptive statistics of problem under study • No analytic comparison of risk / benefit • Often precedes analytic studies

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