Multinational Financial Management Alan Shapiro 9 th Edition J.Wiley & Sons

1. Multinational Financial Management Alan Shapiro9th Edition J.Wiley & Sons Power Points by Joseph F. Greco, Ph.D. California State University, Fullerton

2. Measuring and Managing Translation and Transaction Exposure CHAPTER 10

3. ALTERNATIVE MEASURES OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE EXPOSURE • I. ALTERNATIVE MEASURES • A. TYPES • 1. Accounting or Translation Exposure: • arises when reporting and consolidating financial statements require conversion • from subsidiary to parent currency. 3

4. How Translation Risk Arises • Translation Risk United States Japan Headquarters' Consolidated Financials £ £ Subsidiary Financials Subsidiary Financials ¥ $ £ Germany Subsidiary Financials € 4

5. Economic Exposure • 2. Economic Exposure: • arises because exchange rate • changes alter the value of future revenues and costs. 5

6. ALTERNATIVE MEASURES OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE EXPOSURE • Economic Exposure • = Transaction Exposure + Operating Exposure • Operating Exposure • arises because exchange rate • changes alter the value of future revenues and costs. 6

7. ALTERNATIVE CURRENCY TRANSLATION METHODS • I. FOUR METHODS OF TRANSLATION • A. Current/Noncurrent Method • 1. Current accounts use current exchange rate for conversion. • 2. Income statement accounts use • average exchange rate for the period. 7

8. ALTERNATIVE CURRENCY TRANSLATION METHODS • B. Monetary/Nonmonetary Method • 1. Monetary accounts use current • rate • 2. Pertains to • - cash • - accounts receivable • - accounts payable • - long term debt 8

9. ALTERNATIVE CURRENCY TRANSLATION METHODS • 3. Nonmonetary accounts • - use historical rates • - Pertains to • inventory • fixed assets • long term investments • 4. Income statement accounts • - use average exchange rate for the period. 9

10. ALTERNATIVE CURRENCY TRANSLATION METHODS • C. Temporal Method • 1. Similar to monetary/nonmonetary • method. • 2. Use current method for inventory. 10

11. ALTERNATIVE CURRENCY TRANSLATION METHODS • D. Current Rate Method • all statements use current exchange rate for conversions. 11

12. DESIGNING A HEDGING STRATEGY • I. DESIGNING A HEDGING STRATEGY • A. Strategies • a management objective • B. Hedging: basic objective: • reduce/eliminate volatility of earnings as a result of exchange rate changes 12

13. DESIGNING A HEDGING STRATEGY • C. Hedging exchange rate risk • 1. Hedging is a cost, not a profit- center • 2. Hedging should be evaluated as a purchase of insurance. 13

14. DESIGNING A HEDGING STRATEGY • D. Centralization is key • 1. Important aspects: • a. Degree of centralization • b. Responsibility for its development • c. Implementation • 2. Maximum benefits accrue from • centralizing policy-making, formulation, and implementation 14

15. MANAGING TRANSLATION EXPOSURE • I. MANAGING TRANSLATION EXPOSURE • A. Choices faced by the MNC: • 1. Adjusting fund flows • altering either the amounts or the currencies of the planned cash flows of the parent or its subsidiaries to reduce the firm’s local currency accounting exposure. 15

16. MANAGING TRANSLATION EXPOSURE • 2. Forward contracts • reducing a firm’s translation exposure by creating an offsetting asset or liability in the foreign currency 16

17. MANAGING TRANSLATION EXPOSURE • 3. Exposure netting • a. offsetting exposures in one currency with exposures in the same or another currency • b. gains and losses on the two currency positions will offset each other. 17

18. MANAGING TRANSLATION EXPOSURE • B. Basic hedging strategy for reducing translation exposure: • 1. increasing hard-currency (likely to appreciate) assets • 2. decreasing soft-currency (likely to depreciate) assets • 3. decreasing hard-currency liabilities • 4. increasing soft-currency liabilities 18

19. MANAGING TRANSLATION EXPOSURE • How to increase soft-currency liabilities? • reduce the level of cash, • tighten credit terms to decrease accounts receivable • increase LC borrowing • delay accounts payable • sell the weak currency forward 19

20. MANAGING TRANSACTION EXPOSURE • I. METHODS OF HEDGING • A. Risk shifting • B. Currency risk sharing • C. Currency collars • D. Cross-hedging • E. Exposure netting • F. Forward market hedge • G. Foreign currency options 20

21. MANAGING TRANSACTION EXPOSURE • A. RISK SHIFTING • 1. home currency invoicing • 2. zero sum game • 3. common in global business • 4. firm will invoice exports in strong currency, import in weak currency • 5. Drawback: • it is not possible with informed customers or suppliers. 21

22. MANAGING TRANSACTION EXPOSURE • B. CURRENCY RISK SHARING • 1. Developing a customized hedge contract • 2. The contract typically takes the form of a Price Adjustment Clause, whereby a base price is adjusted to reflect certain exchange rate changes 22

23. The Zone $1.50/£ $1.60/£ Take no action 23

24. MANAGING TRANSACTION EXPOSURE • B. CURRENCY RISK SHARING (con’t) • 3. Parties would share the currency risk beyond a neutral zone of exchange • rate changes. • 4. The neutral zone represents the currency range in which risk is not shared. 24

25. MANAGING TRANSACTION EXPOSURE • C. CURRENCY COLLARS • 1. Contract • bought to protect against currency • moves outside the neutral zone. • 2. Firm would convert its foreign • currency denominated receivable • at the zone forward rate. 25

26. MANAGING TRANSACTION EXPOSURE • D. CROSS-HEDGING • 1. Often forward contracts not available • in a certain currency. • 2. Solution: a cross-hedge • - a forward contract in a related currency. • 3. Correlation between 2 currencies is • critical to success of this hedge. 26

27. MANAGING TRANSACTION EXPOSURE • E. EXPOSURE NETTING • 1. Protection can be gained by selecting • currencies that minimize exposure • 2. Netting: • MNC chooses currencies that are not • perfectly positively correlated. • 3. Exposure in one currency can be • offset by the exposure in another. 27