1 / 27

Chapter 5

Chapter 5. Organic Macromolecules. Polymerization is…. the forming of large organic compounds (polymers) by the joining of smaller repeating units called monomers. M. M. M. By Dehydration Synthesis : the removal of a water molecule to form a new bond. How does polymerization occur?.

shalin
Download Presentation

Chapter 5

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 5 Organic Macromolecules

  2. Polymerization is… • the forming of large organic compounds (polymers) by the joining of smaller repeating units called monomers M M M

  3. By Dehydration Synthesis: the removal of a water molecule to form a new bond. How does polymerization occur? 1 2 3 HO HO H H Short Polymer Monomer H2O Dehydration removes a water molecule forming a new bond 1 2 3 4 HO H

  4. How are polymers broken? • by hydrolysis - literally, “Water Splitting” • Add water to break bonds H2O 1 2 3 4 HO H Hydrolysis adds a water molecule to break a bond 1 2 3 HO H HO H Monomer Short Polymer

  5. 4 Types of Organic Polymers • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  6. Carbohydrates Formula (CH2O)n 2:1 ratio of H:O Carbonyl Groups Ring form in (aq) solution Important Energy Source Cellular Structures Monomer: Monosaccharides Polymers: Disaccharides Polysaccharides

  7. Monosaccharides Monosaccharides (simplesugars) • Contain 3-7 Carbons each • Examples: Glucose, Galactose, Fructose Glucose

  8. Disaccharides Disaccharides (twosugars) – joined by dehydration synthesis Examples: Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose Maltose = Glucose + Glucose Lactose = Glucose + Galactose Sucrose Glucose Fructose

  9. Polysaccharides Polysaccharides (manysugars, usually thousands) • Examples: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose Starch Cellulose Chloroplast Starch Liver Cell Cellulose Glycogen Plant Cells Plant Cells

  10. Starch and Cellulose Structures(Plant Polysaccharides) ά – linkages (cis- formation) are easily hydrolyzed, while β - linkages (trans-formation)are not

  11. Glycogen and Chitin (Animals Polysaccharide) • Glycogen = glucose polymer • Stored in liver/muscle • Chitin = structural polymer in exoskeletons

  12. Lipids • Elements: C, H, O with H:O ratio > 2:1 • Hydrophobic • Lipids function in: • Energy (E) storage, • forming cell membranes, • and as chemical messengers (ex. hormones) • Monomers: glycerol, fatty acids, sometimes phosphate groups • Polymers: • Fats (triglycerides) • Phospholipids • Steroids

  13. OH OH OH Triglycerides Fats (Triglycerides) • Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids • Saturated = No Double Bonds (solid) • Unsaturated = Double Bonds (liquid) OH Ester Bonds OH OH

  14. Phospholipids Phospholipids • Glycerol with Phosphate Head + 2 Fatty Acid Chains • Amphiphilic (“Both” “lover”) • Hydrophilic head • Hydrophobic tail • Forms 2 layers in water • Makes up cell membranes Phosphate Glycerol Fatty Acids

  15. Steroids AKA Sterols • Lipids whose Carbon Skeleton consists of 4 fused rings • Includes: • Hormones • Cholesterol • Cortisol • Makes up cell membranes OH O OH O OH HO HO O O Testosterone Estrogen

  16. Proteins (Polypeptides) • Polymers of AA • 20 AA, all varied in their “R” groups • 9 essential AA can not be made by the body • 50% of dry weight of organisms • Varied fcns: enzymatic, structural, hormonal, transport, storage, mvmt, defense, etc. • Protein function unique with 3-D shape

  17. H2O Proteins • Protein monomers are called amino acids • Peptide Bond: Bond between 2 Amino Acids: Amino end Carboxyl end R Group = Side Chains Backbone

  18. Protein Structure Polypeptides fold and twist to form a specific shape to create a functional protein • Primary • Secondary • Tertiary • Quarternary

  19. Primary Structure AA sequence

  20. Secondary Structure • AA H-bonded at backbone • (no interaction btwn side chains) • α – Helix • β - Pleated Sheats

  21. Tertiary Structure • More Complex Folding • Interactions btwn side chains • H bonds • Ionic Bonding (+/-) • Hydrophobic Interactions • Disulfide Bridges

  22. Quarternary Structure • 2 or more polypeptide chains assemble • Ex. Hemoglobin (4 polypeptide chains)

  23. Functional Proteins I am completely unchanged, and ready for some more sucrose! The twisting and folding into tertiary or quarternary structures creates active sites with a specific shape that fits specific substrates that are responsible for catalyzing reactions I am an enzyme. I am going to try to convert you. Hi sweeties, Do you remember me? I am the active site. The substrate binds to me. I am a product, too. I am a fructose now. I am now a product. I am a glucose now. In addition to what you know. I am a substrate.

  24. Factors That Affect Protein Formation • pH • Salinity • Temperature (ex. Boiled egg) • Denaturization = unraveling of protein  loss of shape and function • Renaturization can occur, but not always

  25. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Informational Polymers: Code for all of the proteins in an organism Monomers: Nucleotides Phosphate Group Pentose 5-C Sugar Ribose or deoxyribose Nitrogenous base Purines (A, G) Pyrimidines (T, C, U)

  26. Nucleic Acids • Polymers • DNA • RNA (tRNA, mRNA, rRNA) • DNA directs RNA synthesis • RNA directs protein synthesis

  27. Base Pairing Rules • DNA Base Pair Rules C = G A = T • RNA Base Pair Rules C = G A = U

More Related