Module 10. Practice: policies, case studies and participation in decision making

1. Module 10. Practice: policies, case studies and participation in decision making Environmental policies Case studies: examples of multicriteria application Participation in decision making

2. Environmental policies • Emission control in USA previous to 1975: command and control: setting, for each source of emissions, a maximum emission limit, based on a favoured control technology. In critical zones, favoured control technology was mandated by authority • EPA’s reform (Clean Air Act): tradeable emission permits (sets a general cap on total emissions = allowes for inter-sources emssions compensations) much wider range of choice if polluting less than permitted, “emission reduction credits” (ERC) are granted. ERC can either can be used at other source of emission of the company, or sold in a market company can choose between: reducing emissions (improve technology…) or buy from others a single market could not becreated • Later, government applies emissions trading programme to: lead in gasoline; Ozone-depleting chemicals; acid rain (penalty of $2.000 per extra unjustified ton emitted) - 2.24% withhold of permits into an auction - trading occurs through private transactions as well. Great SO2 reductions achieved • 1994, LA: RECLAIM (sets a general cap of emissions, reduced by 5-8% each year) in 4 years, trading prices increased from $24 ton NOx to $1529 and from $13 per ton of SOx to $960 • Emission trading under the Kyoto Protocol could work this way as well.

3. Case studies: examples of multicriteria application Multicriteria: sets of evaluation criteria are combined with alternative options and then compared Cinque Terre National Park Criteria (goals): 1 dry stone walls conservation (environmental/cultural/social criterium) 2 minimize fertylizer use (environmental criterium) 3 max. wine selling revenue (economic-monetary criterium) 4 produce good quality wine -biological…- (environmental criterium) Alternatives: only dry stone wall restoration traditional manual agriculture improved manual agriculture mechanized biological agriculture mechanized intensive agriculture Methodology: Set targets (quantify satisfactory level) for each goal. For each alternative, measure distancefrom target achievement (goal 1to 4) Sum distances (distance goal 1 + distance goal 2 + … + …goal 4) Compare alternatives Variation1: set a value of importance for each criterium (weights) Variation 2: ask different stakeholders to express its set of weights find optimal (satisficing) alternative for each stakeholder stakeholders: park auth, local people, farmers, hobby farmers, ecologists...

4. Case studies: examples of multicriteria application NAIADE - Diafanis: social multicriteria evaluation Weights are not given - because giving weights supposes strong comparability of values weak comparability : criterium1 of alternative1 compared with criterium1 of alternative2 criterium2 of alternative1 compared with criterium2 of alternative2 that is, criteria are never summed together within the same alternative and then compared once with the other alternative, rather, different comparisons are made for each criterium Institutional analysis to measure distance between interests of different stakeholders participating in the evaluation

5. Practice from the people’s side Not public nor private: the Commons The conventional economist faith in Hardin’s mistake: the “tragedy” of the Commons The reality Differentiation strategy (as a parallel with monetary investment): diversify economic system between monetary based and life/socio-ecological based Redefinition of progress: from unilinear progress towards market growth to dynamic progress towards a balance of market economy and life (human social ecological) economy.