Chapter 02

1. Chapter 02 Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole

2. THE CELL • Fundamental unit of all living things, contains: • Cell membrane: surrounds & protects, controls flow in & out of the cell • Nucleus: controls operations of the cell • Chromosomes: rod-like structures within nucleus (contain genes; DNA) • 23 pair; 46 total

3. Figure 2-2. Egg and sperm cells, each containing 23 chromosomes.

4. Figure 2-3. Karyotype of a normal male showing 23 pairs of chromosomes. The 23rd pair is the XY pair. In a normal female karyotype, the 23rd pair is XX. (X chromosome is near number 5 pair and Y chromosome is near number 22 pair.)

5. (A) Karyotype of Down syndrome female showing trisomy 21. (B) Photograph of a 3½-year-old girl with the typical facial appearance that occurs in Down syndrome. This includes a flat nasal bridge, an upward slant of the eyes, and a protruding tongue. Other characteristics of Down syndrome patients are mental deficiency and heart defects.

6. THE CELL • Cytoplasm: all material outside the cell nucleus and inside the cell membrane; carries on the work of the cell • Mitochondria: produce energy by burning food in presence of oxygen • Endoplasmic Reticulum: network of canals within cell where proteins are manufactured • What is the root word for cell? • What are some common suffixes using the root?

7. MAJOR PART OF A CELL Ribosomes (RĪ-bō-sōmz) are small granules that help the cell make proteins.

8. METABOLISM • The sum of the chemical processes in a cell; two types • Cata/bol/ism = process of breaking down into smaller material • Ana/bol/ism = process of building complex materials from smaller materials

9. Types of cells. (A) muscle cell (B) nerve cell (C) epithelial cell (D) fat cell.

10. TISSUE • A group of similar cells working together to do a specific job; 4 types: • Epithelial - forms the lining of internal organs and outer surfaces of the skin, located all over the body • Muscle - two types; • Voluntary: found in extremities • Involuntary: muscles in the gut & heart • Connective: connects 1 thing to another (EX: fat, bone, cartilage, and blood) • Nerve: conducts impulses all over body

11. ORGANS • A structure composed of several types of tissue; Ex - stomach organ is composed of muscle tissue, nerve tissue and glandular epithelial tissue. • Make sure you know combining forms for organs

12. BODY SYSTEMS • A groups of organs working together to perform complex functions; Ex. - circulatory system made up of heart, arteries, veins, etc… • Cell Tissue Organ System

13. BODY CAVITIES • Space within body that contains internal organs • Cran/ial - contains brain, pituitary gland • Thorac/ic - contains heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus, aorta • Abdomin/al - stomach, small & large intestine, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder • Pelv/ic - portion of large & small intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, ureters, uterus, vagina • Spin/al - nerves, spinal cord

14. ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS • Named for PATIENT’s side of body (i.e. – his right or left, NOT yours.) • Umbilical • Epigastric • Hypogastric • R/L iliac/inguinal • R/L lumbar • R/L hypochondriac

15. RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ QUADRANTS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC AREA • Abdominopelvic area divided into four quadrants • Assessment findings, organs, etc… are described by quadrant they are located in

16. ORGANS IN 4 QUADRANTS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC AREA • RUQ - liver, gallbladder, part of pancreas, part of small & large intestine • LUQ - liver, stomach, spleen, part of pancreas, part of small & large intestine • RLQ - part of small & large intestine, R ovary, R fallopian tube, R ureter, appendix • LLQ - part of small & large intestine, L ovary, L fallopian tube, L ureter

18. REGIONS OF SPINAL COLUMN • Spinal column is divided into 5 regions • Assessment finding & diagnoses are named by region & vertebrae number • Cervical - neck area, 1-7 vertebrae • Thoracic - chest area, 1-12 vertebrae • Lumbar - waist area, 1-5 vertebrae • Sacral - 5 small bones fused into 1 bone • Coccygeal - 4 bones fused into 1 bone

19. POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS: BODY CAVITIES • Anterior (ventral) – front • Posterior (dorsal) – back Body cavities: Ventral (anterior) cavities front of the body Dorsal (posterior) cavities in the back.

20. Organs of the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities, anterior view.

21. Organs of the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities, posterior view.

22. POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS: BODY CAVITIES • Divisions of thoracic cavity

23. POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS: BODY CAVITIES • Divisions ofAbdominal cavity (side view). Notice the peritoneum, which is a membrane surrounding the organs in the abdominal cavity. The retroperitoneal area is behind the peritoneum and contains the kidneys.

24. POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS: • Deep - away from surface • Superficial - on the surface

25. POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS: • Proximal - near point of attachment to trunk • Distal - far from point of attachment to trunk

26. POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS: • Superior - above another structure • Inferior - below another structure

27. POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS: • Medial: the middle, toward the middle • Lateral: the side

28. POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS: • Supine - lying on the back • Prone - lying on the stomach

29. Positional and directional terms.

30. PLANES OF THE BODY: • Frontal (coronal) - vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior plane • Sagittal (lateral) - lengthwise vertical plane that divides the body into right & left sides • Transverse (cross-sectional) - horizontal plane that divides the body into upper & lower portions

31. Planes of the body. The figure is standing in the anatomical position with the palms of the hands facing outward & the 5th finger medial to the other fingers.