Chapter 9, Section 1 Early civilizations of the Americas

1. Chapter 9, Section 1 Early civilizations of the Americas BY R.O.C B.O.Y

2. A. Geography and its impact Latin America is a diverse geographical region.

3. A. Geography and its impact • Land and climate of Latin America • The region is called Latin America because most of the people who live there today speak the Latin – based languages of Spanish, Portuguese, and French. • At one time, parts of Latin America were annexed, or taken possession of, by European countries. • Many of the highest peaks of the Andes are in Peru.

4. A. Geography and its impact • The First Americans • Durland was under water. • Asian people crossed a land bridge to the Americas about 13,000 years ago, probably in search of food. • ing the ice age, most of Earth’s water was frozen. • Less of the

5. B. Early Civilizations B. The earliest civilizations in the Americas began when people learned to grow corn and other crops.

6. B. Early Civilizations • The Olmecs and the Zapotecs • People know as the Olmecs developed the earliest know civilization in the Americas. • Olmec art included gigantic carved stone heads. • They settled along the Gulf of Mexico in about 1200 B.C. The Olmecs lived by fishing and farming.

7. B. Early Civilizations The Maya • The Maya • The Maya had many achievements in the arts and science. They developed a 365 –day calendar that was the most accurate in the world at that time. • They also developed a system of writing that used glyphs, which are pictures or other symbols, often carved, that represent words or ideas. • In mathematics, they were among the first who used glyphs, which are pictures or other symbols, often carved, that represent words or ideas.

8. C. The Aztec Civilization • C. The Aztecs developed a powerful civilization in Mexico.

9. C. The Aztec Civilization • The Toltecs • The Toltecs dominated central Mexico from about A.D. 950 to 1200. • The city of Tula was the capital of the Toltecs a, Empire. • Tula was the center of a powerful mining and trading empire.

10. C. The Aztec Civilization • The Aztecs • The Aztecs developed a unified empire with one ruler, chosen by nobles and priests, to lead wars. • Most prisoners, however, became human sacrifice to the gods. • Girls were educated by their mothers to enter certain professions.

11. Chapter 9 Section 2 Peru and the Incan Empire

12. A. Early peoples of Peru • The earliest people of Peru were accomplished artist, architects, and engineers.

13. A. Early peoples of Peru • The Chavin people • People of the Chavin culture built stone temples in the mountains of Peru. • They decorated their temples with carvings of Chavin gods and images of animals such as the jaguar, and the serpent. • To build one temple workers need to produce about 50 million bricks.

14. A. Early peoples of Peru • The Moche People • The Moche people of Peru emerged after the Chavin culture had faded, at about 200 to 100 B.C. • By A.D. 900, the Moche civilization had collapsed. • Moche people had no written language.

15. B. Civilization of the Incas • Building projects, in the form of roads and bridges, helped unite the vast Incan Empire.

16. B. Civilization of the Incas • History of the Incas • The Incas held the valley by attacking and conquering adjoining lands. • Manco Capac is considered the first ruler of the Incan people. • By A.D. 1438, they had taken over the entire valley.

17. B. Civilization of the Incas • The City Of Cuzco • The city plan of Cuzco was designed in the shape of a puma, or mountain lion, an animal sacred to the Incas. • The Incas also built palaces, including Pachacuti’s city, Machu Picchu. • All Incas were responsible for serving on these projects.

18. B. Civilization of the Incas • A System for Messages • The quipu contained different groups of knots that represent numbers. • The section closest to the main string stood for hundreds. • The second section represents tens, and the third section represents ones. • If there were no knots in a section that represented zero.

19. B. Civilization of the Incas • Later Incan Emperors • Chimu artists influenced Incan styles and methods of painting, sculpting, and decorating. • Huayna Capac succeeded his father, Topa Inca, in 1493. He left Cuzco to fight wars in the north. • He was the last of the independent Incan rulers before the Spanish conquest of the Americas.

20. B. Civilization of the Incas • Incan Government • The Incan government was a hereditary monarchy. • This mean that the emperor was the chief male member of the ruling family, and his direct descendants were his successors. • Other government jobs were filled by nobles from the outlying provinces, or territories, who were loyal to the emperor and his family.

21. C. Incan Society • The Incas had strict government, a rigid class structure, and rich culture.

22. C. Incan Society • Incan religion • Incan religion, like many other ancient religions, was polytheistic. • People believed not in one god, but in many. • The chief god of the Incas was Viracocha, the creator of the Andean people. • The sun god was worshiped as a special protector of the Incas.

23. C. Incan Society • Incan Social Classes • Incan people from ruling family and other noble families considered themselves part of one extended family. • It was almost impossible for an Incan to change his or her social class. • For the most part, though, people remained in the social class into which they were born.

24. C. Incan Society • Incan families • Incan families were organized into groups. • One man served as an official administrator for each group. • Instead of paying taxes in the form of money, the people were required to work in exchange for social services.

25. C. Incan Society • Incan farming • Members of an alum owned land jointly. • They voted on any matters that related to the use of the land. • The Incas grew corn, squash, tomatoes, peanuts, cotton, and more than 200 kinds of potatoes.

26. Chapter 9, section 3 NORTH AMERICAN GROUPS

27. North American Groups • A. The varied climates and environments of North America led to a variety of early American groups of people.

28. A. The Geography of North America • Native Americans • North America had no unified empires, no cities, and no palaces. • As they explored the continent and settled new areas, each group of Native Americans adjusted to the local climate. • Instead of trying to control their environment, they adapted their lifestyle to it.

29. A. The Geography of North America • Land and climates of North America • The continent of North America is a huge landmass with a number of different climates and countries. • Mountain ranges cover much of the western half of the continent. • Except for the deserts of the southwest, North America has plenty of precipitation all year round.

30. B. Western Groups • Early peoples in the western region survived in spite of settling in a harsh environment.

31. B. Western Groups • The Aleuts, Yupik, and Inuit • The Aleuts, the Yupik, and the Inuit lived in the Arctic region of present day Canada and Alaska. • They hunted seals, walruses, whales, and polar bears, as well as smaller game like caribou and foxes. • Tents and boats were made from animal skins.

32. B. Western Groups • Native Americans of the Northwest • The climate of the Northwestern coast offered an easier life than that of Alaska. • The guests would act as witnesses. • The host would serve them a huge feast and give them costly gifts.

33. B. Western Groups • The Anasazi • The Anasazi managed to grow crops in the dry, hot climate of the Southwest. • They also produced items such as baskets, pottery, and cloth. • Thick walls kept the buildings cool in the summer and warm in the winter.

34. B. Western Groups • The Pueblos • Pueblo people, the descendants of the Anasazi, are not one nation, or group. • They believed that kachinas have power to heal the sick and to bring rain. • They grew large fields of corn, beans, and squash.

35. B. Western Groups • The Navajos and Apaches • Navajo means “large planted fields.” • The other group became the ancestors of the Navajo. • In Apache culture, the courage and skill it took to make a raid successful were highly valued.

36. C. Eastern Groups • Early peoples in the eastern region created new forms of architecture and government.

37. C. Eastern Groups • The Mound Builders • The mound builders of Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys are named for the structures they built. • The Andeans built mounds of dirt over the graves of their leaders and chiefs. • The Andeans, and their descendants, the Hope wells, placed beautiful copper ornaments in these graves.

38. C. Eastern Groups • The Iroquois • They spread out from the Great Lakes to the Finger Lakes. • They planted in the spring. • Autumn was the time for hunting, harvesting, and holding councils to address any issues the community had.

39. C. Eastern Groups • The Iroquois Confederacy • Their plan became the basis for the Iroquois Confederacy. • The Confederacy was made up of five Iroquois nations. • The chiefs of each council were nominated by the women of the nation’s families.