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Knowledge Representation

Knowledge Representation. Chapter 4. What is KR?. R. Davis, H. Schrobe, P. Szolovits (1993): A surrogate A set of ontological commitments A fragmentary theory of intelligent reasoning A medium for efficient computation A medium of human expressions. Representation and Mapping.

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Knowledge Representation

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  1. Knowledge Representation Chapter 4

  2. What is KR? R. Davis, H. Schrobe, P. Szolovits (1993): • A surrogate • A set of ontological commitments • A fragmentary theory of intelligent reasoning • A medium for efficient computation • A medium of human expressions

  3. Representation and Mapping • Facts: things we want to represent. • Representations of facts: things we can manipulate.

  4. Representation and Mapping reasoning programs Facts Internal Representations English understanding English generation English Representations

  5. Representation and Mapping desired real reasoning Initial facts Final facts forward representation mapping backward representation mapping Internal representations of initial facts Internal representations of final facts operation of program

  6. Representation and Mapping • Spot is a dog • Every dog has a tail Spot has a tail

  7. Representation and Mapping • Spot is a dog dog(Spot) • Every dog has a tail x: dog(x)  hastail(x) hastail(Spot) Spot has a tail

  8. Representation and Mapping • Fact-representation mapping is not one-to-one. • Goodrepresentation can make a reasoning programtrivial.

  9. Representation and Mapping The Multilated Checkerboard Problem “Consider a normal checker board from which two squares, in opposite corners, have been removed. The task is to cover all the remaining squares exactly with donimoes, each of which covers two squares. No overlapping, either of dominoes on top of each other or of dominoes over the boundary of the multilated board are allowed. Can this task be done?”

  10. Representation and Mapping No. black squares = 30 No. white square = 32

  11. Representation and Mapping Good representation: • Representational adequacy • Inferential adequacy • Inferential efficiency • Acquisitional efficiency

  12. Approaches to KR Simple relational knowledge: • Provides very weak inferential capabilities. • May serve as the input to powerful inference engines.

  13. Approaches to KR Inheritable knowledge: • Objects are organized into classes and classes are organized in a generalization hierarchy. • Inheritance is a powerful form of inference, but not adequate.

  14. Approaches to KR Inferential knowledge: • Facts represented in a logical form, which facilitates reasoning. • An inference engine is required.

  15. Approaches to KR Procedural knowledge: • Representation of “how to make it” rather than “what it is”. • May have inferential efficiency, but no inferential adequacy andacquisitional efficiency.

  16. Approaches to KR Choosing the Granularity: • High-level facts may not be adequate for inference. • Low-level primitives may require a lot of storage.

  17. Homework Reading R. Davis, H. Schrobe, P. Szolovits (1993): “What is a knowledge representation?”

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