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Short-Term Causes of WWI

Short-Term Causes of WWI. (1905-1913). The 1st Moroccan Crisis of 1905. French Cartoon-Stock Photo 1905. Maps of area. A worried Germany. New British-French relationship (Entente Cordiale ) Germany sought to cause friction between the two. Henry Campbell-Bannerman. Emile Loubet.

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Short-Term Causes of WWI

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  1. Short-Term Causes of WWI (1905-1913)

  2. The 1st Moroccan Crisis of 1905 French Cartoon-Stock Photo 1905

  3. Maps of area

  4. A worried Germany • New British-French relationship (Entente Cordiale) • Germany sought to cause friction between the two Henry Campbell-Bannerman Emile Loubet Kaiser Wilhelm II

  5. British-French Entente • Provisions allowed for mutual recognition of colonies • Britain supported a French takeover of Morocco->one of the last independent African states • France recognized British control of Egypt

  6. Germany On the offensive • Promised to defend Moroccan independence • Demanded an international conference • Threatened war; France eventually accepted

  7. Conference: Algeciras, Spain 1906 • France finally agreed to meet • The British backed the French • The Germans had little support and were defeated

  8. Cartoon Analysis In-Class discussion • Analyze the cartoon on the slide • What was Germany’s initial opinion of the Entente Cordiale, according to the cartoonist? How did this opinion change after 1906?

  9. Results of the 1st Moroccan crisis • Germany gained no notable concessions in north Africa • Entente Cordiale- strengthened • Germany now seen as the key threat to British interests

  10. The Bosnian crisis of 1908 & Background

  11. 1st Moroccan crisis fallout • 1907 – Britain and Russia sign Anglo-Russian entente • Germany forges closer relationship with Austria-Hungary • Would have an impact in Bosnian Crisis

  12. Declining Ottoman Empire • Young Turks Revolution- 1908 • The "eastern question" • Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina

  13. Bosnia-Herzegovina annexation • Occupied by Austria-Hungary since 1878 • Still formally Turkish • Caused outrage in Serbia who wanted to absorb

  14. Bosnia-Herzegovina annexation • Secret approval by Russia with contingency… • Russia demanded support for their own treaty revisions in Bosporus and Dardanelles region • Austria-Hungary annexed before Russia could gain international support

  15. Austria-Hungary & Russia: Strained Relations • Russia did not want to give Austria control over fellow Slavs • Germany promises Austrian support • Russia had little support from Britain & France

  16. Austria-Hungary & Russia: Strained Relations • Russia weakened by war with Japan; had no other recourse • Russia agreed to recognize annexation

  17. Results of the Bosnian crisis • Russia suffers international humiliation & begins to rearm • Serbia is enraged – increasing nationalism • The German-Austrian alliance appeared stronger • Ends era of cooperation in the Balkans between Russia and Austria-Hungary • Germany encourages Austro-Hungarian expansion

  18. The Second Moroccan (Agadir) crisis -1911

  19. The second Moroccan (Agadir) crisis – 1911 • Rebellion in Fez (capital) • French troops called in • German accusation of a hostile French takeover • Sends a gunboat (the Panther) to Agadir SMS Panther-

  20. Agadir • A small port on Morocco's Atlantic coast • Germany sought compensation for France's action • Germany demanded the French Congo!

  21. "Gunboat diplomacy" • Coined by the British – implying the threat of war • Britain worried about an Agadir acquisition – a threat to their naval base

  22. The "mansion house speech" • Britain's chancellor of the exchequer David Lloyd George • Warning to Germany • Britain would not stand by while "her interests were affected" • Turned the Franco-German crisis into an Anglo-German issue

  23. Results of the Agadir Crisis • Germany obtained two strips of French Congo territory • Hostile German public opinion to the settlement • Strengthened Anglo-French entente • Increased Anglo-German tension & suspicion

  24. The first Balkan war – 1912

  25. The Balkan alliance • Formed by Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Montenegro • Encouraged by Russia (no military support) • Key objective: • Force Turkey from the Balkans • How: Take and divide Macedonia

  26. First Balkan war – 1912 • Weakened Turkey • Young Turk Rev. (1908) • War w/ Italy (1911-12) • Almost totally driven from Balkans in seven weeks • Austria horrified by a strengthened Serbia

  27. First Balkan war – 1912 • Austro-Hungarian generals call for war • Danger: Russia would support Serbia causing wider European war • British foreign secretary Sir Edward Grey calls London Peace Conference

  28. Results of Conference • Former Turkish lands divided up between Baltic states • Austria-Hungary gets conference to contain Serbia by creating Albania • Strategically land-locks Serbia

  29. The Second Balkan war – 1913

  30. Second Balkan war – 1913 • Born of disagreements from first Balkan war (Bulgaria dissatisfied) • Bulgaria – vs – Serbia and Greece over Serbian occupation • Bulgarians- too many of their people living in areas annexed to Serbia and Greece • Namely: Macedonia and Salonika

  31. Second Balkan war – 1913 • Austro-Hungarian foreign minister: Count Leopold Berchtold • Asked for German assistance • Feared Russian aid of Serbia • German gov’t urges restraint

  32. Second Balkan war – 1913 • Serbia/Greece/Turkey defeat Bulgaria

  33. Second Balkan war – results • Serbia/Greece/Turkey defeat Bulgaria • Treaty of Bucharest (Aug. 1913) • Bulgaria loses most territory from first war

  34. Second Balkan war – Consequences • Serbia again successful and doubles in size • An increase of nationalist feeling in Serbia and among Slavs • Serbia demonstrates its military strength – 200,000 man army

  35. Second Balkan war – Consequences • Austria-Hungary now convinced it must crush Serbia • Diplomatic defeat for Germany • Strengthened German ties with Austria-Hungary

  36. Other developments, 1900-1913 • Misguided domestic views of the war • War = short and heroic • Nationalism more aggressive • Exacerbated by popular press

  37. Other developments, 1900-1913 • General arms race (after 1871) • Increased military spending • Standing armies • Conscription • Armament build-up • No agreed upon limits

  38. War Plans Schlieffen Plan Addressed the two-front war w/France and Russia France first: invade through Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourgcapture Paris Meet Russians @ Eastern Front Moltke: Reduced neutral territory invaded Inflexible w/several inaccuracies • Other Plans: • Plan 17 (France) • Plans R & B (AH)

  39. Questions • Explain the position/feelings of each of the following states following the Second Balkan War: • Austria-Hungary • Serbia • Bulgaria • Turkey • For what reasons had the Balkan Wars of 1912/1913 not escalated into a general European War?

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