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Sampling and ethics

Explore evolutionary theories explaining group behavior in humans and analyze their implications. Understand sampling methods, biases, and ethical considerations in psychological research.

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Sampling and ethics

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  1. Sampling and ethics

  2. Homework- Essay plan Discuss one or more evolutionary explanations of group display in humans (4 marks and 16 marks) You will have a timed essay on Friday next week • Read the markscheme and examiners report • Plan a structure for your essay. Help eachother

  3. Starter Task Answer the questions relating to the hypothesis below: ‘Do older people sleep more or less than younger people?’ • Identify the IV and DV. • How could you operationalise the IV and DV? • Write an operationalised ONE TAILED hypothesis. • Write an operationalised NULL hypothesis

  4. Key terminology • Target population- Total collection of people with a given set of characteristics • Representative sample- selected individuals who are from a target population who share the same characteristics of the target population • Sampling error- Sample differs from target population

  5. Sampling methods • List them • Which method are you using in your research? • Consider Strengths and weaknesses of your method

  6. Sample Bias • Why does it occur? • Choice of sampling technique (bias towards those willing to participate/available) • Choice of target population (culture/gender bias) • Small samples (unrepresentative) What could be the advantage of small samples?

  7. Question one- 5 mins to complete Researchers conducted an independent measures design experiment in a local coffee bar investigating whether receiving physical contact from someone increases their rating of friendliness. The experiment took place between 11am and 2pm on a Wednesday. As members of the public left the coffee bar after paying, some were touched lightly on the upper arm by the cashier, whereas others were not. Outside the coffee bar members of the public were asked how friendly they thought the staff were on a scale of 1 (‘not very friendly’) to 10 (‘extremely friendly’). Identify the sampling technique used to obtain participants for this study and suggest one weakness with it [4]

  8. Question two A researcher has become interested in studying stress associated with driving and wishes to conduct an investigation to assess stress levels of motorists in England using the self-report method. • Describe and evaluate an appropriate sampling technique for this study. [10]

  9. Tasks • Complete the ethics task in your booklet using p548-549

  10. BPS code of ethics • Respect • Competence • Responsibility • Integrity

  11. Consent • Why can we often not achieve fully informed consent? • How could we get round this?

  12. Consent Other methods • Presumptive consent • Prior general consent For Wednesday Design your own consent form for your research- use back page of booklet

  13. Deception • How could we avoid deception? 1.Complete information 2. Role-play

  14. Debriefing • List Six parts to a debriefing process

  15. Debriefing process 1. Thank participants 2. State the aims of the study 3. Point out relevant ethical concerns 4. Invite them to withdraw their data 5. Ask if they have any questions 6. Give contact details if they wish to ask any further questions

  16. Peer review Write on your whiteboard What is a peer review? 3 reasons why we need to do it

  17. Peer review • In the peer review process, a paper is submitted to a journal and evaluated by several reviewers.  (Reviewers are often individuals with an impressive history of work in the area of interest, that is, the specific area that the article addresses).  • After critiquing the paper the reviewers submit their thoughts to the editor.  Then, based on the commentaries from the reviewers, the editor decides whether to publish the paper, make suggestions for additional changes that could lead to publication, or reject the paper. • The primary purpose of peer review is to ensure that the papers published are valid and unbiased.

  18. Why bother? • Research proposals will be scrutinized to check it is robust • To ensure it can contribute to already existing knowledge • Encourages academic debate, openness and communication • Ensure there is no bias • Appropriateness of conclusions drawn • Ensure it is worth dissemination- journals • Consider wider implications • Find any errors • Ensure it can be repeated

  19. Peer reviewing your essays I am going to ask an A2 student in the other group to mark your timed essays. What might be the problems with this?

  20. Ok ….I am going to get another teacher to mark your essays

  21. Bias • Reviewer • Publication • Reputation

  22. Exam questions What is meant by peer review? (2 marks) Explain why peer review is an important aspect of the scientific process. (4 marks) Mark the question and provide a paragraph detailing what the student has or has not done well

  23. Homework • Design your own consent form for your research- use back page of booklet- WEDNESDAY • Complete all aspects of your research proposal if not yet complete • Collect data for Friday

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