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Sustainable Energy Technologies MSE0290

Sustainable Energy Technologies MSE0290. Miscellaneous. Contents. Cogeneration. Fuel cells. Geothermal. Cogeneration. Cogeneration. POWER ONLY. POWER PLANT. ELECTRICITY. USEFUL POWER. MECHANICAL ENERGY. FUEL. WASTE HEAT. WASTE ENERGY. STEAM CYCLE.

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Sustainable Energy Technologies MSE0290

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  1. Sustainable Energy TechnologiesMSE0290 Miscellaneous

  2. Contents Cogeneration Fuelcells Geothermal

  3. Cogeneration

  4. Cogeneration POWER ONLY POWER PLANT ELECTRICITY USEFUL POWER MECHANICAL ENERGY FUEL WASTE HEAT WASTE ENERGY STEAM CYCLE COOLERS – HEAT IS WASTED ENGINE OR TURBINE

  5. Cogeneration COGENERATION POWER PLANT ELECTRICITY USEFUL POWER MECHANICAL ENERGY FUEL HEAT USEFULL HEAT STEAM CYCLE ENGINE OR TURBINE

  6. Cogeneration COGENERATION POWER PLANT ELECTRICITY USEFUL POWER MECHANICAL ENERGY FUEL HEAT USEFULL HEAT COGENERATION: power, and/orheat (example:district heating), and/ormechanicalenergy, and/orsteamand/orcooling Source: http://site.ge-energy.com/prod_serv/products/recip_engines/du/cogen_systems/refrigeration.htm

  7. Cogeneration GENERAL SUMMARY COGENERATION IS POSSIBLE WHEN CONSUMERS ARE AVAILABLE AND SUPPLY OF PRODUCED ENERGY IS FEASIBLE (COMPETETIVE) PRICE. COGENERATION IS SUISTANABLE WAY OF ENERGY PRODUCTION … significanteconomic, energy and environmentalbenefitswouldresultfromincreasedpolicycommitmentto CHP. https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CHPbrochure09.pdf

  8. FUEL CELLS

  9. FUEL CELLS HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CORE ELEMENT – HYDROGEN Some feedstock and process alternatives Source: https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/hydrogen.pdf

  10. FUEL CELLS HYDROGEN PRODUCTION Source: https://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/h2_tech_roadmap.pdf

  11. FUEL CELLS HYDROGEN PRODUCTION – Steamreforming Steam and hydrocarbon enter the reactor as feedstock, and hydrogen and carbon dioxide are generated at the end of the process. The process is governed by the reactions Hightemperature (catalystnickel) Lowtemperature (catalystcopperoriron) the carbon dioxide release Source:http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2010/ph240/chen1/

  12. FUEL CELLS HYDROGEN PRODUCTION - Electrolysis Moretypes: ALKALINE ELECTROLYZERS, SOLID OXIDE ELECTROLYZERS Read more: http://energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-production-electrolysis

  13. FUEL CELLS HYDROGEN PRODUCTION - Solar Conversion Researchers in Germany have made a breakthrough with the development of a cost-effective and efficient solar fuel device that can store nearly 5% of solar energy in the form of hydrogen.Read more: http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/efficient-solar-fuel-device-with-simpler-cell-design_100012211/#ixzz3zf0eNnmy 31. JULY 2013

  14. FUEL CELLS FC MAIN TYPES MAIN DIFFERENCES - Materialsforanode and cathode - Electrolyte (solid, liquid, toxic, etc) - Operating temperatuure COSTS APPLICATIONS READ MORE: http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/technologies/sofc http://www.bloomenergy.com/fuel-cell/solid-oxide-fuel-cell-animation/

  15. FUEL CELLS R&D. Example Fachhochschule Stralsund Source: http://www.fh-stralsund.de/ps/tools/download.php?file=/internet/dms/psfile/docfile/40/Research_a53d8b3d003eb2.pdf&name=Research_and_Education_in_the_field_of_Renewable_Energies_2.pdf&disposition=inline

  16. GRID OPERATION FUEL CELLS R&D. Example Fachhochschule Stralsund Source: http://www.fh-stralsund.de/ps/tools/download.php?file=/internet/dms/psfile/docfile/40/Research_a53d8b3d003eb2.pdf&name=Research_and_Education_in_the_field_of_Renewable_Energies_2.pdf&disposition=inline TRANSPORT

  17. FUEL CELLS Hydrogen vehicles Source: http://www.toyota-global.com/innovation/environmental_technology/fuelcell_vehicle/ ?

  18. FUEL CELLS IN GENERAL: Sustainable electricityorbiomass to produce HYDROGEN means SUSTANABLE HYDROGEN

  19. FUEL CELLS Availability Source: http://h2me.eu/about/hydrogen-refuelling-infrastructure/

  20. Geothermal

  21. GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL – TEMPERATURE GRADIENT Potential

  22. GEOTHERMAL STATISTICS Geothermal typically provides base-load generation, since it is generally immune from weather effects and does not show seasonal variation. Capacity factors of new geothermal power plants can reach up to 95%. The base-load characteristic of geothermal power distinguishes it from several other renewable technologies that produce variable power. In 2012, global geothermal power capacity was 11.4 GW and generated around 72 TWh of electricity. Geothermal electricity provides a significant share of total electricity demand in Iceland (25%), El Salvador (22%), Kenya and the Philippines (17% each), and Costa Rica (13%). Globalelectricity generation in 2013 was23 322 TWh

  23. GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES Electricity production 1. Dry steam plants 2. Flash steam plants 3. Binary plants Enhancedor engineered geothermal systems (EGS)

  24. GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES Electricity production 1. Dry steam plants, which make up about a quarter of geothermal capacity today, directly utilise dry steam that is piped from production wells to the plant and then to the turbine. Control of steam flow to meet electricity demand fluctuations is easier than in flash steam plants, where continuous up-flow in the wells is required to avoid gravity collapse of the liquid phase

  25. GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES Electricity production 2. Flash steam plants, which make up about two-thirds of geothermal installed capacity today, are used where water-dominated reservoirs have temperatures above 180°C. In these high-temperature reservoirs, the liquid water component boils, or “flashes,” as pressure drops.

  26. GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES Electricity production ….. separatedsteam is piped to a turbine to generate electricity and the remaining hot water may be flashed again twice (double flash plant) or three times (triple flash) at progressively lower pressures and temperatures, to obtain more steam. Chemistry Challenges in Geothermal Power Generation. I . Richardson, S. Addison, R. Lawson 2014.

  27. GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES Electricity production Binary plants constitute the fastest-growing group of geothermal plants, because they are able to also use the low- to medium-temperature resources, which are more prevalent. Binary plants, using an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) or a Kalina cycle, typically operate with temperatures varying from as low as 73°C (at Chena Hot Springs, Alaska) to 180°C. In these plants, heat is recovered from the geothermal fluid using heat exchangers to vaporise an organic fluid with a low boiling point (e.g. butane or pentane in the ORC cycle and an ammonia-water mixture in the Kalina cycle), and drive a turbine. Today, binary plants have an 11% share of the installed global generating capacity and a 44% share in terms of the number of plants.

  28. GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES Electricity production Binary plants.Binary plants, using an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) or a Kalinacycle.typically operate with temperatures varying from as low as 73°C (at Chena Hot Springs, Alaska) to 180°C.

  29. GEOTHERMAL The process of a organic Rankine using R11 as the working fluid TECHNOLOGIES Electricity production Working fluids. Examples. HCFC123 (CHCl2CF3), PF5050 (CF3(CF2)3CF3), HFC-245fa (CH3CH2CHF2), HFC-245ca (CF3CHFCH2F), isobutene ((CH3)2C=CH2), n-pentane and aromatic hydrocarbons http://www.eng.usf.edu/~hchen4/Organic%20Rankine%20Cycle.htm

  30. GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES Kalina cycle Electricity production It uses a solution of 2 fluids with different boiling points for its working fluid.  Mainly: ammonia-water as working fluid ForAdvanced KalinaCycle ohter mixtures http://www.eng.usf.edu/~hchen4/Organic%20Rankine%20Cycle.htm

  31. GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES ORC versus Kalinacycle Electricity production http://www.aidic.it/cet/13/35/037.pdf

  32. GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES EGS Geothermal technologies using hot rock resources could potentially enable geothermal energy to make a much larger contribution to world energy supply. Technologies that utilize hot rock resources are also known as enhanced or engineered geothermal systems (EGS). These systems aim at using the earth’s heat where no or insufficient steam/hot water is available or where permeability is low. EGS plants differ from conventional plants only as far as heat/steam extraction is concerned. EGS technology, therefore, is centred on engineering and creating large heat exchange areas in hot rock. The process involves enhancing permeability by opening pre-existing fractures and/or creating new fractures.

  33. GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES Heatproduction Geothermal energy can also provide heat. Even geothermal resources at temperatures of 20°C to 30°C (e.g. flood water in abandoned mines) may be useful to meet space heating demand or other low-temperature applications. Geothermal “heat-only” plants can feed a district heating system, as can the hot water remaining from electricity generation, which can also be used in applications demanding successively lower temperatures. Because transport of heat has limitations, geothermal heat can only be used where a demand exists in the vicinity of the resource

  34. GEOTHERMAL GENERAL SUMMARY Conventional geothermal is a mature technology that can provide baseload power or year-round supply of heat. The resource can be exploited only in favourable regions (a constraint that can be relaxed when EGS systems are ready to be commercialised). Matching heat demand to resource availability can be difficult given the costs and difficulty of transporting heat long distances.

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