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Chapter 14

Chapter 14. Heat and Temperature : Temperature Energy Transfer Using Heat. TN Standards. CLE 3202.2.3 – Examine the applications and effects of heat energy CLE.3202.2.6 – Investigate the Law of Conservation of Energy

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Chapter 14

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  1. Chapter 14 Heat and Temperature: Temperature Energy Transfer Using Heat

  2. TN Standards CLE 3202.2.3 – Examine the applications and effects of heat energy CLE.3202.2.6 – Investigate the Law of Conservation of Energy CLE.3202.TE.3 – Explain the relationship between the properties of a material and the use of the material in the application of a technology

  3. TN Standards • SPI.3231.2.1 – Relate temperature changes with the changes of kinetic energy and the flow of heat energy

  4. Bellwork • What is temperature? • Average kinetic energy of particles in a material

  5. Section 1 - Temperature • Key Questions: • 1] What does temperature have to do with energy? • 2] What three temperature scales are commonly used? • 3] What makes things feel hot or cold?

  6. Temperature and Energy • Kinetic theory of matter • Matter is made of small particles always moving • Higher temperature, more motion • Large particles move slower • The temperature of a substance is proportional to the average kinetic energy of the substance’s particles • All particles have kinetic energy ( atomic )

  7. Measuring Temperature • As materials are heated, they expand • Thermometers rely on expansion of liquids • Mercury or Alcohol • Thermostats rely on expansion of metals

  8. Temperature Scales • Units: Fahrenheit ( English ) and Celsius ( metric ) • Fahrenheit is English • Celsius/Kelvin is metric • Kelvin is an absolute scale • Absolute zero at -273.15 oC

  9. Temperature Scales - Converting • Celsius  Fahrenheit: TF = 1.8*TC + 32.0 • Fahrenheit  Celsius: TC = ( TF – 32.0 ) / 1.8

  10. Temperature Scales - Converting • Celsius  Kelvin: TK = TC + 273.15 • Kelvin Celsius: TC = TK - 273.15

  11. Temperature & Energy Transfer When you feel “hot” or “cold” you are detecting a temperature difference You are also feeling the affects of energy transfer Temperature changes indicate an energy transfer – temperature difference between two objects is felt as heat Heat is the energy transferred between objects of different temperature

  12. Section 2 – Heat Transfer • Key Questions: • 1] How does energy transfer happen? • 2] What do conductors and insulators do? • 3] What makes something a good conductor of heat?

  13. Energy Transfer ( Heat Flow ) • What is happening in each picture • Explain how heat is flowing ( ID how heat goes from one object to another ) • What might be happening on the atomic level?

  14. Different Methods of Transfer

  15. Different Methods of Transfer Conduction occurs between objects in direct contact Thermal Conduction–heat source is one object

  16. Different Methods of Transfer • Convection results from the movement of warm fluids ( in contact with heat source ) • Warm fluids rise • Cool when away from heat • Cool fluids fall • Convection current – Path of warm/cool fluids

  17. Different Methods of Transfer • Radiation does not require physical contact between objects • Energy transferred as electromagnetic waves

  18. Conductors & Insulators • A conductor is a material through which energy can be easily transferred as heat • An insulator is a material that transfers energy poorly • Heat energy is transferred through particle collisions

  19. Conductors & Insulators • Heat energy is transferred through particle collisions • Gases – poor conductors • Why? • Denser materials usually are better conductors than less dense • Metals – very good conductors • Plastics – poor conductors

  20. Bellwork – 11/21/14 • When you melt ice, is heat going to be added to the water, or removed from it? • Add heat

  21. Specific Heat • Determines how easily energy can be transferred as heat • How much energy is needed to change the temperature of a substance by a certain amount

  22. Specific Heat • Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of substance by 1 K • 1 degree change in C = 1 degree change K • Energy = specific heat x mass x temp change • Energy = cmΔT • c = energy /(mΔT)

  23. Specific Heat • Temperature does not change when phases do; energy goes into phase change - not temperature adjustment • Latent heat ( melting ) & Heat of Fusion ( evap ) • Gives amount of energy needed for phase change

  24. Heat Flow Conceptual Practice • Scenarios – Explain what is happening: • 1] You pick up a coffee cup and it is hot • 2] You touch a glass of cold SCHAWEET tea • 3] A breeze makes you shiver

  25. Heat Flow Conceptual Practice • Which substance can you heat the quickest? • One with a large or small heat capacity?

  26. Heat Flow Math Practice • How much energy must be transferred as heat to 200 kg of water ( c = 4,186 J/kg/K ) in a bathtub to raise its temperature from 25 oC to 37 oC?:

  27. Specific Heat Example • The temperature of a substance increases by 7 K when 1850 J is added to a 5 kg quantity of the substance. What is the specific heat ( c )?

  28. Specific Heat Example • The temperature of a substance increases by 7 K when 1850 J is added to a 5 kg quantity of the substance. What is the specific heat ( c )? • 1850 / (5 * 7 ) = 52.9 J/(kg*K)

  29. Specific Heat Example • Temperature of 2.5 kg ethanol is 47 oC. What will the final temp be if 90,000 J of heat energy [ c = 2440 J/(kg*K) ].

  30. Specific Heat Example • Temperature of 2.5 kg ethanol is 47 oC. What will the final temp be if 90,000 J of heat energy [ c = 2440 J/(kg*K) ]. • ∆T = 90000/(2.5 * 2440) = 14.75 degrees C or K • Final Temp = 14.75 + 47 = 61.8 oC

  31. Section 3 – Using Heat • Key Questions: • 1] What happens to heat energy when it is transferred? • 2] What do heat engines do?

  32. Thermodynamics • 1st Law – total energy used in any process is conserved, whether that energy is transferred as work, heat, or both.

  33. Thermodynamics • 2nd Law – energy transferred as heat ALWAYS moves from higher to lower temperature. Another way of saying “Energy is always conserved.”

  34. Thermodynamics • Entropy – randomness or disorder of a system • Thermo [3rd Law] tells us that total entropy of the universe is ALWAYS increasing ( natural tendency )

  35. What is a System? • A “system” is defined as the area, volume and/or group of objects being analyzed • Systems can be open or closed • Closed system – like a can of coke or soup that has not been opened • Open system – once you open that can of coke or soup

  36. Heat Engines • Heat Engines – chemical energy is converted into mechanical energy by combustion

  37. Heat Engines

  38. Using Heat • Rubbing alcohol applied to the skin – what happens/what do you observe? • Why?

  39. Using Heat • Rubbing alcohol applied to the skin – what happens/what do you observe? • Why?

  40. Using Heat • cooling/heating processes utilize this • SWEATING! • Fluids—liquids & gases—are chosen that easily evaporate and condense • Evaporation – energy is absorbed by the fluid/sweat ( from surrounding air ) • Condensation – energy is released by the fluid/moisture ( absorbed by air )

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