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1. Hypertension

1. Hypertension. Hypertension represents an elevation in systolic and/or diastolic pressure.

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1. Hypertension

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  1. 1. Hypertension Hypertension represents an elevation in systolic and/or diastolic pressure. Primary or essential hypertension is characterised by a chronic elevation in blood pressure that occurs without evidence of other disease, and secondary hypertension by an elevation of blood pressure that results in some other disorder such as kidney disease. The pathogenesis of essential hypertension is thought to include constitutional and environmental factors involving the kidney and its role in regulating extracellular fluid volume through salt and water elimination, sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity, renin-angiotensin system activity, or intracellular sodium and calcium levels. Uncontrolled hypertension produces increased demands on the heart, resulting in left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure, and on the vessels of the arterial system, leading to atherosclerosis, kidney disease, retinopathy, and stroke.

  2. 2. Orthostatic Hypotension Refers to an abnormal decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressures that occurs on the assumption of the upright position. An important consideration in orthostatic hypotension is the occurrence of dizziness and syncope. Among the factors that contribute to its occurrence are decreased fluid volume, medications, aging, defective function of the ANS, and the effects of immobility.

  3. DISORDERS OF VENOUS CIRCULATION

  4. Disorders of Venous Circulation Veins are thin-walled, distensible vessels that collect blood from the tissues and return it to the heart. The venous system is a low-pressure system that relies on the pumping action of the skeletal muscles to move blood forward and the presence of venous valves to prevent retrograde flow. Disorders of the venous system produce congestion of the affected tissues and predispose to clot formation because of stagnation of flow activation of the clotting system. Varicose veins are dilated and tortuous veins that result from a sustained increase in pressure that causes the venous valves to become incompetent, allowing for reflux of blood and vein engorgement. Thrombophlebitis refers to thrombus formation in a vein and the accompanying inflammatory response in the vessel wall as a result of conditions that obstruct or slow blood flow, increase the activity of the coagulation system, or cause vessel injury. Deep vein thrombosis may be a precursor to pulmonary embolism.

  5. Superficial and Deep Venous Channels of the Leg Porth, C.M. 2011. Essentials of Pathophysiology, 3rd edn.

  6. Blood Flow in the Deep and Superficial Calf Vessels of the Legs Porth, C.M. 2011. Essentials of Pathophysiology, 3rd Edn.

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