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Chapter 10 Medical Terminology and Chapters 8 – 9 Body Structures: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Chapter 10 Medical Terminology and Chapters 8 – 9 Body Structures: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Coordinates and controls all bodily activities with the brain at the center of control When the brain ceases function, the body dies. BRAIN SPINAL CORD NERVES

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Chapter 10 Medical Terminology and Chapters 8 – 9 Body Structures: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

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  1. Chapter 10 Medical Terminology and Chapters 8 – 9 Body Structures: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

  2. FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM • Coordinates and controls all bodily activities with the brain at the center of control • When the brain ceases function, the body dies

  3. BRAIN SPINAL CORD NERVES SENSORY ORGANS CNS (central) PNS (peripheral) 12 pairs cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves ANS (autonomic) Peripheral nerves Ganglia on either side of the spinal cord STRUCTURES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

  4. NERVES – one or bundles of neuron cells (carrying impulses) connecting brain and spinal cord with body • Tract: bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain • Ascending: carry impulses toward brain • Descending: carry away from brain • Ganglion: knotlike mass or group of nerve cells located outside the CNS • Plexus: network of intersecting nerves and blood or lymphatic vessels

  5. dtc.pima.edu/biology/160alpha/ lesson9/lesson9h.ht

  6. Innervation: supply of nerves to body part, stimulation of a body part through action of nerves • Receptors: sites in sensory organs that receive external stimulation • Send stimulus through the sensory neurons to the brain for interpretation • Stimulus: excites or activated nerve causing an impulse • Impulse: wave of excitation transmitted through nerve fibers and neurons

  7. REFLEXES • Automatic, involuntary response to change, inside/outside body • Maintenance of heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure = reflex actions • Coughing, sneezing, and reactions to painful stimuli are also reflex actions

  8. THE NEURONS – THE BASIC CELL OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM • 3 types described according to function (ACE) • Afferent: sensory, emerge from skin, carry impulses toward brain • Connecting: carry impulses from one neuron to another • Efferent: carry impulses away from brain toward muscles and glands test test

  9. NEURON PARTS • Each neuron contains a cell body, several dendrites, a single axon, and terminal end fibers • Dendrites: receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body • Axon: extends away from the cell body, conducts impulses away from the nerve cell • Some but not all axons protected by myelin • Terminal end fibers: lead the nervous impulse away from the axon and toward the synapse Synapse: space between two neurons or between a neuron and receptor organ

  10. dendrites Synaptic pathway axon terminal end fibers

  11. NEUROTRANSMITTERS • Chemical messengers that transmits messages between nerve cells allowing a nerve impulse to jump across the synapse from one neuron to another www.patientcenters.com/autism/ news/neurology.html

  12. MYELIN SHEATH • PROTECTIVE COVERING OVER SOME NERVE CELLS • Spinal Cord • White Matter of the Brain • White color of myelinated nerve fibers • Most Peripheral Nerves Gray Matter: non-myelinated nerves of the brain and spinal cord

  13. nucleus dendrite axon Myelin sheath Nodes of Ranvier Cell body

  14. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • Meninges • Dura Mater • Arachnoid Membrane • Pia Mater • Cerebrospinal Fluid • The Cerebrum • Cerebral Hemispheres • Lobes • Ventricles • The Thalamus • The Hypothalamus • The Cerebellum • The Brainstem • The Midbrain • The Pons • The Medulla Oblongata • The Spinal Cord www.lougehrigsdisease.net/ als_pages/neurolog.htm training.seer.cancer.gov/ module anatomy/unit5...

  15. MENINGES • 3 Layers of connective tissue that enclose brain and spinal cord • Dura Mater – outermost membrane • Arachnoid Membrane – second layer, loosely attached to allow flow of fluid between layers • Pia Mater – third layer, located closest to brain and spinal cord, rich in supply of blood vessels • Subarachnoid space: below arachnoid membrane, above pia mater – contains cerebrospinal fluid • Epidural space: above the dura mater – within surrounding bone walls – cushions Dura Mater • Subdural space: below the dura membrane – above the arachnoid membrane

  16. CEREBRUM – cerebral: pertaining to cerebrum or brain • Largest/uppermost portion of the brain • Responsible for all thought, judgment, memory, association, and discrimination • Cerebral Cortex: made up of gray matter, the outermost layer of the cerebrum

  17. CEREBRAL LOBES • Frontal – controls motor functions • Parietal – receives and interprets nerve impulses from the sensory receptors • Occipital – controls eyesight • Temporal Lobe – controls senses of hearing and smell

  18. THALAMUS – produces sensations by relaying impulses to/from the cerebral cortex and the sense organs of the body • Hypothalamus: 7 regulatory functions • Controls heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and digestive tract activity by regulating autonomic nervous system • Regulates emotional responses and behavior • Regulates body temperature • Regulates food intake by controlling hunger sensations • Regulates water balance and thirst • Regulates sleep-wake cycles • Regulates endocrine system activity

  19. CEREBELLUM • Second largest part of the brain • Receives incoming messages regarding movement within joints, muscle tone, and positions of the body • From here messages are distributed to corresponding parts of the brain that controls skeletal muscles

  20. THE BRAINSTEM – connects cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord • The Midbrain – extends from the lower surface of the cerebrum to the pons – • provides conduction pathways to and from higher and lower centers • The Pons – at the base of the brain • Nerve cells cross from one side of the brain to control the opposite side of the body (injuries) • The Medulla Oblongata – located at the lowest part of the brainstem • Controls basic life functions including the muscles of respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure

  21. THE SPINAL CORD – pathway for impulses going to and from the brain • Contains all the nerves that affect the limbs and lower part of the body • Protected by CSF and meninges • Grey Matter = internal section • White Matter = outer portion of the spinal cord www.bmb.psu.edu/.../bisci004a/ nerve/nerveb4.htm

  22. THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - PNS • Consists of: • Cranial nerves: 12 pairs originating from under the brain • Each nerve of a pair serves half the body • Both nerves in a pair are identical in function • Identified by Roman numerals names for the area or function they serve • Spinal nerves: 31 pairs • Usually named for the artery they accompany or the body part they innervate • Femoral nerve innervates muscles associated with the femur

  23. aer2.sbc.edu.hk/~bio/

  24. THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - ANS • Controls involuntary actions of the body • 2 divisions: function to maintain homeostasis • Sympathetic: prepares body for emergency and stressful situations • Parasympathetic: returns body to normal after a stressful response

  25. MEDICAL SPECIALTIES RELATED TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM • Anesthesiologist • Neurologist • Neurosurgeon • Psychiatrist • Psychologist

  26. PATHOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM • Head and Meninges • Cephalalgia: headache • Migraine Headache • Encephalocele • Hydrocephalus: increase amount of CSF • Meningocele: protrusion of membranes through a defect in the skull or spinal column • Meningitis www.enh.org/surgery/ 100128.asp

  27. DISORDERS OF THE BRAIN • Alzheimer’s disease: associated with degenerative changes in the brain structures • Cognition: mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory • Encephalitis • Parkinson’s disease • Tetanus

  28. BRAIN INJURIES • Amnesia: disturbance in the memory marked by total or partial inability to recall past experiences – cause BI, illness, or psychological disturbances • Concussion: violent shaking up or jarring of the brain • Cerebral Contusion: bruising of brain tissue as result of BI • Cranial Hematomas: collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain

  29. ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS • Conscious: alert • Syncope (SIN-koh-pee): also known as fainting, is the brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain. • Lethargy: lowered level of consciousness, listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy • Coma • Delirium: associated with high fever, sudden onset where patient is confused, disoriented, and unable to think clearly • Dementia: slow, progressive decline in mental abilities including memory, thinking, judgment, and the ability to pay attention

  30. STROKES – (CVA) damage to the brain that occurs when blood flow is disrupted due to vessel blockage or rupture • Ischemic Attacks • TIA: temporary interruption in blood supply to brain, weakness, dizziness, or loss of balance • Ischemic stroke: blood flow is blocked, affecting the cerebrum and damaging the controls of movement, language, and senses • Aphasia: inability to speak, write, or comprehend written or spoken word • Hemorrhagic Stroke – bleed – leak or rupture of blood vessel in brain

  31. www.providence.org/swsa/Services/ e60Neurology.htm www.providence.org/swsa/Services/ e60Neurology.htm

  32. SLEEP DISORDERS • Insomnia: abnormal inability to sleep • Narcolepsy: recurrent uncontrollable seizures of drowsiness and sleep www.cartoonstock.com/.../ napping_at_the_desk.asp www.tipsofallsorts.com/ narcolepsy.html

  33. SPINAL CORD • Myelitis: inflammation of the spinal cord • Myelosis: tumor of spinal cord • Multiple sclerosis • Poliomyelitis • Post polio syndrome • Radiculitis: pinched nerve, inflammation of root of spinal nerve • Spinal cord injuries

  34. CONVULSIONS AND SEIZURES – sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of a group of muscles caused by a disturbance in brain function • Generalized tonic-clonic seizure: • Tonic convulsion: continuous muscular contraction resulting in rigidity and violent spasms • Clonic convulsion: alternate contraction and relaxation of muscles resulting in jerking movements of the face, trunk, or extremities • Localized seizure: partial

  35. EPILEPSY • Grand Mal Epilepsy: most severe form • Petit Mal Epilepsy: milder form, sudden, temporary loss of consciousness, lasting only a few seconds, they may not involve convulsive movements, and may not be noticed • Epileptic aura: experienced just before seizure, light or smell

  36. MENTAL HEALTH • Developmental Disorders • Substance-Abuse Disorders • Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders • Mood Disorders • Panic Disorders • Anxiety Disorders • Phobias • Somatoform Disorders • Impulse-Control Disorders • Personality Disorders

  37. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM • CT – CAT Scan • Echoencephalography • Electroencephalography • Encephalography • Myelography: radiographic study of spinal cord • LOC: level of consciousness

  38. Echo encephalography myelography Electrical encephalography Ct scan

  39. TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM • Medications to Treat Mental Disorders • Pain Control • Sedative and Hypnotic Medications • Anesthesia • Brain and Head • Nerves

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