Building BIG

1. Building BIG Dream it, build it, test it! A unit on bridge construction….and destruction!

2. Bridge Basics • There are more than half a million bridges in the United States, and you rely on them everyday to cross obstacles like rivers, streams, valleys, lakes, and even railroad tracks. But do you know how they work? Why do they look different from place to place?

3. Civil Engineering • To start our journey into building, we must first begin to think like civil engineers. • Check out The United States Department of Labor to learn more about Civil Engineering. • While exploring this website record the all the Verbs and Nouns. Civil Engineers

4. Forces at Work

5. BONUS! Compression Force: Egg Experiment • How much compression force can a chicken egg withstand?

6. Civil Engineering • To start our journey into building, we must first begin to think like civil engineers. • Civil engineers are people who create structures like bridges, buildings, and roads. • They use a thinking process called the ENGINEERING PROCESS

7. Engineering Process • Ask—What is your task? What are the requirements? • Brainstorm—Brainstorm separately first to gather your own individual thoughts. Come together as a group and discuss everyone’s ideas. • Design—Pick out the details from your brainstorming session that the group feels are most valuable in getting the information across clearly to an audience. Sketch out your rough draft and decide roles and responsibilities. • Create—Execute your design plan. • Evaluate & Refine—Decide if any changes need to be made.

8. Engineering Process What is the problem? What are my requirements or limitations? How did it work? Do you need to change anything? Share ideas Value opinions Build your bridges Work as a team Sketch

9. Engineering Process at Work • Problem: Work as a engineering TEAM and work through the engineering PROCESS to build a bridge that can span a 6 inch gorge • Materials: 40 gumdrops – 100 toothpicks • Challenge: The bridge needs to be able to support 300 grams (120 pennies)

10. Engineering Process at Work • Brainstorm: Work with your partner to discuss the various shapes your gumdrop bridge will use. • Design: Sketch out preliminary designs • Create: Create your gumdrop bridge! You are allowed to make alterations to your original design.

11. Engineering Process at Work • Evaluate: We will test your bridges next time we meet. The strength of your bridge will be tested by placing as many penny (cars) on top of your bridge that it can hold when spanning the 6 inch gorge. • An efficiency rating will be determined as well. The weight of your bridge (the amount of materials used) will be a factor. How does this relate to bridge proposals in real life? Do the strongest bridges that use the most materials with the highest cost get built?

12. Your Challenge • Problem: Work as a engineering TEAM and work through the engineering PROCESS to build a bridge that can span a 6 inch gorge • Materials: 35 gumdrops – 100 toothpicks • Challenge: The bridge needs to be able to support 300 grams (120 pennies)

13. Data Analysis • Evaluate: The strength of your bridge will be tested by placing as many penny (cars) on top of your bridge that it can hold when spanning the 6 inch gorge. Record your results. • Analyze the data. Find the mean (average), median, and mode

14. Engineering Process at Work • Refine: • Analyze your bridges. What shape do you see over and over again in the bridges that were able to hold the goal weight? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QheSSHUbPeE • Work through the refining process by thinking about the questions on your GumDrop Challenge page.

15. Beam and Arch Bridges • Beam and Arch Bridges ARCH BEAM BEAM ARCH

16. Examples of Beam Bridges

17. Beam Bridge The most basic type of bridge. It has the most simple design with a horizontal beam, also called the bridge deck, is supported at each end by piers. The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers. The farther apart its piers, the weaker the beam becomes. This is why beam bridges rarely span more than 250 feet between piers.

18. Arch Bridge • It has great natural strength. Thousands of years ago Romans built arches out of stone. Today, most arch bridges are made of steel or concrete. They can span up to 800 feet!

19. Examples of Arch Bridges

20. How does an arch bridge work?

21. How does an arch bridge work?

22. Forces at Work

23. Creating Beam and Arch Bridges • Work as a engineering TEAM and work through the engineering PROCESS to build two bridges. • Your bridges will be measured for accurate measurements prior to testing to see if they meet requirements. • Use your materials to create a beam bridge AND an arch bridges that are identical in: • Bridge Deck: width and length (span) • Piers: width, height, and distance apart (span)

24. Strength Test of a Beam and Arched Bridge • Purpose: • You will build a beam bridge and an arch bridge • Then you will determine which bridge will hold the most weight

25. Strength Test of a Beam and Arched Bridge Materials Needed • 2-4 bricks per group, corrugated card board, weights Procedures • Place two bricks 20 cm apart. • In order to make a higher structure, place the second set of bricks on top of the first layer of bricks. • Place a piece of corrugated cardboard between the two bricks. • Gradually place weights in the center of the cardboard until it begins to sag in the middle. • Record the amount of weight the bridge held before it began to sag. • Rebuild your bridge as stated in steps one and two above. • Place an arch between the two bricks by carefully bending a piece of corrugated cardboard in the form of the arch. Make sure that it fits snugly between the bricks that are 20 cm apart. • Place a piece of cardboard on top of the arch between the two bricks. • Gradually place weights in the center of the cardboard until it begins to sag in the middle. • Record the amount of weight the bridge held.

26. Truss and Suspension Bridges • Truss and Suspension Bridges TRUSS SUSPENSION SUSPENSION TRUSS

27. Truss Bridge • Consists of an assembly of triangles. Truss bridges are commonly made from a series of straight, steel bars. Rigid arms extend from both sides of two piers. Diagonal steel tubes project from the top and bottom of each pier. They help to support the central span. • Span up to 1,200 feet

28. How does a truss bridge work?

29. Suspension Bridge • They can span 2,000 to 7,000 feet! That is much farther than any other type of bridge! Most suspension bridges have a truss system beneath the roadway to resist bending and twisting.

30. How does a suspension bridge work? Suspension Tension and Compression Explanation

31. Forces Lab • Explore the Forces Lab to learn more about the different factors to consider in designing bridges. • Complete the Exit Ticket to assess what you’ve learned. (See Mrs. Burdette for your Exit ticket)

32. BRIDGE CHALLENGE #2 • The STRAW BRIDGE!

33. Engineering Process at Work • Problem: Work as a engineering TEAM and work through the engineering PROCESS to build a straw bridge that can span a 10 inch gorge! • Materials: 20 straws & a roll of tape • Challenge: Your bridge must have a place to securely hold a small cup in the center of the span. When we test your bridge, the cup will be filled with pennies until the bridge collapses. That amount of pennies and its cup will be weighed.

34. Engineering Process at Work • Brainstorm: Work with your partner to discuss the various shapes your straw bridge will use. • Design: Sketch out preliminary designs • This step is very important this time! • While you can cut your straws to any length you want, you will not be given any additional (or replacement) straws even if you accidentally cut them to lengths you don't want. So, think, sketch and measure before you cut. Another point to make: A bundle of straws taped together does not satisfy the "spirit" of this bridge-building activity. However, it is not necessary to have bridges look as if small cars could go over them. • Create: Create your straw bridge! You shouldn’t make too many alterations to your original design this time.

35. Design Tips • Square construction example: • Pros? Cons? • Triangle construction examples: • Pros? Cons?

36. Analyze Designs

37. Analyze Designs Continued…

38. Engineering Process- Blue=Today What is the problem? What are my requirements or limitations? How did it work? Do you need to change anything? Share ideas Value opinions Build your bridges Work as a team Sketch

39. Evaluation Day! • Evaluate: The strength of your bridge will be tested by placing as many penny (cars) on top of your bridge that it can hold when spanning the 10 inch gorge. Record your results. • Analyze the data. Find the mean (average), median, and mode • Refine: • Analyze your bridges. What shape do you see over and over again in the bridges that were able to hold the goal weight? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QheSSHUbPeE • Work through the refining process by thinking about the questions on your Straw Bridge Challenge page.

40. Craggy Rock Bridge Challenge • Now that you’ve mastered the bridge basics, test your bridge building skills in the Bridge Challenge! • Craggy Rock is a quickly growing community that needs four new bridges. The community members are very picky about what they want! • Test your engineering skills and try to match the right bridge to the right location. You can only use each bridge type once. Craggy Rock Challenge

41. Bridge Game Build a bridge using the components and the budget available. Once it is done, click "Test your bridge" to see if it will sustain the weight of the workers and the cargo. Your workers will use it to get items located at the other side of valley, and bring them back to the shop. Your goal is to collect all items in each level. Use what you’ve learned to test your engineering skills! Bridge Game

42. Bridge Designs • Bridge Designs Check out this resource to learn more about different bridge designs. Get inspired! You’ll be creating your own bridges soon!

43. Become an Engineer • Creating bridges is utilizing both art and science! • Bridges are beautiful structures that serve a purpose. • If the bridge is pleasing to the eye but is too costly to make, then the bridge won’t ever be built. • If the bridge is structurally sound, but causes other issues in the surrounding area with the environment, wildlife, or flow of people, then the bridge won’t be built either. • Before you begin building your bridge, you need to fully understand the meaning of some very important terms so that you can become a successful engineer.

44. Terms to Know • Compression: Squeezing • Squeezes materials together • Tension: Stretching • It stretches materials apart • Bending: • One side squeezes and the other side stretches • Shear: • Causes material to slide past one another in opposite directions • Torsion: Twisting • An action that twists a material

45. Examples Word Bank Shearing ~ Bending ~ Torsion ~ Compression ~ Tension bending shearing compression tension torsion

46. Engineering Process • Identify the problem • Determine the limitations • Material, size, cost, time-frame

47. Congratulations! • Your civil engineering firm has been hired to design a bridge for the city of Innovation. Innovation’s main bridge through the city has been determined structurally deficient, and it will to be too costly to bring the bridge up to code. • You have to design the bridge and build a model using Popsicle Sticks, toothpicks, and glue, to present before the community leaders for approval. It must not cost more than the specified amount and can’t exceed the material allotment for the project. Once the design is approved by the president of the firm, you will be given materials (according to the type of bridge the firm choose) to build the model.

48. Your Task Your bridge design must meet to following requirements: •Span across the 30 cm wide Ingenuity River •Cannot exceed 45 cm due to other infrastructure already built in the area •Must hold 4 lanes of traffic therefore it needs to be at 7cm ≥ 10 cm wide •Allow for a continuous traffic passage with a height clearance of 5 cm.

49. Your Task Continued… • You have been given a budget for building materials of $300,000. • Each popsicle stick will cost your firm $2000. • Each toothpick will cost your firm $500. • The initial cost of glue will cost your firm $5000 per bottle, but you may return unused glue at the end of your project for partial refund. • The model cannot use more than: • 100 Popsicle Sticks • 200 Toothpicks

50. Your Task Continued… • Your bridge’s strength will be measured using a 5cm x 5 cm x 2 cm block. There will be a chain hanging from the block to hold weight. Make sure there is an opening for this chain to hang through that is 2 cm x 2 cm. • Your firm must have a completed blue print before you will be allowed to purchase your building materials. You must also complete a daily construction report outline your goals, materials used, and a reflection.