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Muckrakers

Muckrakers. Journalists who sought to expose society’s ills Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, Jacob Riis, etc. Progressive Reform Crusades. Child labor Working women Woman suffrage Birth control Prohibition of alcohol Working conditions Democratization of government. Anti-Child Labor Mvmt.

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Muckrakers

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  1. Muckrakers • Journalists who sought to expose society’s ills • Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, Jacob Riis, etc.

  2. Progressive Reform Crusades • Child labor • Working women • Woman suffrage • Birth control • Prohibition of alcohol • Working conditions • Democratization of government

  3. Anti-Child Labor Mvmt. • Florence Kelley • State anti-child labor laws passed • Trouble with courts • Compulsory school attendance laws

  4. Working women • Efforts to reduce hours women were forced to work • Muller v. Oregon (1908) • USSC upheld OR 10-hr. day law for women • “women are fundamentally weaker than men”

  5. Woman Suffrage • WY, UT, CO, ID, WA, CA, AZ, OR, MT, NV by 1914 • NAWSA: Carrie Chapman Catt • Alice Paul and more radical activists

  6. Birth Control Mvmt. • Comstock Law of 1873 • Illegal to promote contraception • Margaret Sanger • American Birth Control League

  7. Prohibition of Alcohol • 18th Amendment, 1917 • Volstead Act

  8. Organized Labor in the Progressive Era • AFL still king • Rise of “radical” labor: • Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) • DeLeon, Debs, Haywood, Jones

  9. Working Conditions • Triangle Fire, 1911 • 100+ women killed in NY City due to locked exits and lack of fire escapes • Triangle Fire investigative commission • Classic progressive tactic • Experts studied problem and made recommendations • Frances Perkins

  10. Federal Industrial Relations Commission, 1912 • Set up by federal government to investigate labor problems • Investigated Ludlow Massacre of 1912 • 13 women and children killed by strikebreakers during strike at Rockefeller-owned company

  11. Municipal Reform • City Commissions, City Managers sought to alleviate corruption in city governments

  12. State-Level Reform • Most popular and successful for progressives • Robert LaFollette’s “Wisconsin Idea” • Business regulation • Democratization of state government

  13. Progressive Era Presidents Woodrow Wilson TR William Howard Taft

  14. TR as Progressive: Trust-Busting • TR was the first president to take on trusts that he believed used unfair business practices. • Use of Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) • Northern Securities Case of 1904 (J. P. Morgan)

  15. TR as Progressive: Government Regulation • An activist president in every way, TR believed in government regulation of business to promote the “public interest.” • Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

  16. TR as Progressive: Conservation • An ardent naturalist, TR moved to protect vast swaths of the American West by creating numerous national forests and national monuments by executive order. • His point-man on conservation issues was Chief of Forestry Gifford Pinchot.

  17. Conservation Movement Legendary conservationist John Muir founded the Sierra Club in 1892

  18. Taft: Conservative or Progressive? • While undoubtedly more conservative than TR, Taft was not without his progressive leanings. • TR’s close friend and hand-picked successor • Supported 16th Amendment • busted trusts

  19. The Republican Split: Taft v. TR • Pinchot-Ballinger Affair • Interior Secretary Ballinger sold off conservation lands, sparking a public feud with Chief of Forestry Pinchot • Taft sided with Ballinger and fired Pinchot • TR was incensed and generally disappointed with the more conservative values that Taft displayed as president.

  20. Election of 1912

  21. Woodrow Wilson • Born in Staunton, VA • son of a Presbyterian minister • grew up in the South -- first So. Democrat elected since Civil War • extremely well-educated: Princeton undergrad, Ph. D. in Political History fromJohns Hopkins • college professor, Princeton president • progressive governor of NJ

  22. Wilson’s Progressive Accomplishments • Impressive list of legislation passed early in first term • First graduated income tax • Clayton Anti-Trust Act • Federal Reserve Banking System • Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

  23. Graduated Income Tax • Passed as a “rider” on Underwood Tariff bill (which lowered tariff rates) • major part of progressive agenda!

  24. Increased Federal Government Regulation of Business • Clayton Anti-Trust Act • continued “trust-busting” tradition of TR • stronger than Sherman Act • Federal Trade Commission (FTC) replaced ICC • intended to enforce federal regulations on interstate trade/commerce • stronger, more effective than ICC

  25. Federal Reserve System • national bank • consisted of 12 Federal Reserve Banks, scattered across US • governed by Federal Reserve Board appointed by the president • took control of US money supply away from private bankers and placed it in the hands of the federal government

  26. Wilson’s Less-than-Progressive Side • Opposed woman suffrage for most of his presidency • ardent segregationist • actually increased segregation in federal facilities • made D. W. Griffith’s racist epicThe Birth of a Nationthe first film ever screened at the White House (and enjoyed it)

  27. The Birth of a Nation (1915) • Work of renowned director D. W. Griffith • glorified rise of Ku Klux Klan in post-Civil War south • enormously popular • helped spark a rebirth of the KKK

  28. Progressive Amendments:16, 17, 18, 19

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