Vesicoureteral reflux Represents the retrograde flow of the urine from the

1. Vesicoureteral reflux Represents the retrograde flow of the urine from the bladder to the upper urinary tract normally there is a functional VUJ valve prevent VUR and thus protect kidney from infection and high pressure (hydronephrosis )

2. The phenomenon of VUR represent balance of several factors include: Functional integrity of the ureter Anatomic composition of the UVJ Bladder compliance the ureter pass obliquely through bladder wall 1-2cm normally ratio of intera mural ureteric length to ureteric diameter is 5:1 for that reason if ureter more lateral more superior it have inadequate muscular support

3. A. Primary reflux • Is result from congenital abnormality of the UVJusually involving longitudinal muscles of intramural ureterIs • B –secondary reflux • either anatomic or functional • anatomic cause like: • Posterior urethral valve • Ectopic ureteral orifices • Ureterocele • Functional. Like: • -neurogenic bladder & • -bladder instability or dysfunction.

4. Grading of vesicoureteral reflux Grade 1 reflux into the non dilated ureter. Grade 2 into the pelvis & calyces without dilatation. Grade 3 mild dilatation of the ureter renal pelvis & calyces. Grade 4 moderate dilatation of the ureter pelvis & calyces. Grade 5 gross dilatation of ureter, pelvis & calyces.

6. Demography • Prevalence: • It approximately 30%in children with UTI and 17% with out UTI. • Gender: • During the 1st year most are boys with posterior urtheral valves • after 1year the female: male ratio of infection with reflux is approximately 3-4:1 • Rase: • 10 time lower in female children of African descent • Inheritance : autosomal dominant

7. Diagnosis: • Clinical findings • Symptoms related to reflux • Symptomatic pyelonephritis • Symptom of cystitis • Renal pain on voiding • Uraemia • Hypertension • Symptoms related to underlying disease • Urinary tract obstruction • Spinal cord disease

8. 2- physical findings During attack of acute pyelonephritis renal tenderness Palpation and percussion of suprapubic area may reveal distended bladder 3-Lab.finding Infection,bacteriuria,pyuria,high serum creatinine

9. Therefore a urine culture should be included in the evaluation of any infant or child who presents with fever & malaise • When reflux has gone undetected & renal scarring has occurred children of any age can present with • renal insufficiency, • hypertension, & • impaired somatic growth. • Complication of reflux • Pyelonephritis • hydroureteronephrosis

11. x-Ray finding Plain film may reveal evidence of spina bifida or meningomyelocele thus point to the neurologic deficit. Excretory urograms may be -normal, or -dilatation of whole or part of ureter or -hydroureteronephrosis.

12. Reflux is diagnosed by • voiding cystourethrography or • voiding cinefluoroscopy • Cystoscopy. • For • Morphology (stadium or horseshoe or golf hole orifice) • Position.

13. Treatment: medical Maintaining urinary sterility by using single daily low dose antimicrobial prophylaxis Night time dosing allow to cover period of physiological retention If child have infected urine then gave high dose antibiotic to sterile the urine then continuo on low dose antibiotic Antibiotic Age less than 2 months we commaly use trimethoprin and amoxicillin

14. After 2 months antibiotic of choice is trimethoprin-sulfamethoxazole Then follow up every 3 months by uls and urine cultures and some time need yearly radionuleotide scanning *In toilet trained children bladder emptying by timed voids, double voiding, help to achieve the goals of medical management. .

15. B-Surgery (ureteric Reimplantion) Typical indication of antireflux surgery include:- 1- breakthrough UTI despite prophylactic antibiotic. 2- noncompliance with medical management. 3- sever reflux grade 4 or 5. 4- failure of renal growth, new scars, or deterioration of renal function on follow up ultrasound. 5- reflux persist to puberty specially in girls. 6- reflux associated with congenital abnormalities such as bladder diverticulum.

16. MEGAURETER It mean a dilated ureter ,normally ureteric diameter about 5mm if it accede 7-8mm then it consider MGUs Classification

17. a megaureter may be obstructed, refluxing, both refluxing and obstructed, or unobstructed and not refluxing, either from a primary (idiopathic cause intrinsic to the ureter or secondary tospecific pathophysiologic processes, such as outlet obstruction, neurogenic dysfunction, polyuria, or infection).

18. Primary (at the UVJ; adynamic aprstalitic segment) or secondary (e.g.,bladder malfunction) origins influence management and must therefore be differentiated. • Indications for correction are often driven by serially increasing pelvicalyceal dilation, increasing ureteral diameter, or pyelonephritis and ureteral pyuria. • Antibiotic prophylaxis should be used to protect the dilated ureter regardless of cause.

19. Many cases of antenatally diagnosed MGU will resolve spontaneously.If there is improvement in degree of hydroureteronephrosis, but not resolution, imaging at puberty is advised.