Neutrino Geophysics in Hawaii

1. Neutrino Geophysics in Hawaii Presentation by Steve Dye Associate Professor of Physics Hawaii Pacific University January 20, 2005 Steve Dye, HPU

2. Outline of Presentation • Neutrinos • Geophysics • Neutrino Geophysics • HANOHANO Steve Dye, HPU

3. Neutrinos • Discovery • Place in nature • Properties • Detection • Astrophysics • Nuclear reactors http://www.flyingneutrinos.com Steve Dye, HPU

4. Discovery of Neutrino • W. Pauli proposes undetected particle in β-decay (1931) • E. Fermi develops theory of β-decay with “little neutral one” (1934) • C. Cowan and F. Reines detect neutrinos at nuclear reactors (1950's) http://www.ps.uci.edu/physics/reinesphotos.html Steve Dye, HPU

5. Neutrino’s Place in Nature http://www.particleadventure.org/particleadventure/frameless/chart.html Steve Dye, HPU

6. Neutrino Properties • Come in three flavours • e, μ, τ • No electric charge • Stable • Weak interactions • Massive (slightly) • Flavour oscillations Steve Dye, HPU

7. Neutrino Detection http://www.ps.uci.edu/physics/reinesphotos.html http://www-sk.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/doc/sk/photo/normal.html http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jcv/IMBdiverbig.jpg Steve Dye, HPU

8. Neutrino Astrophysics • Neutrinos are excellent astrophysical probes • Stable, uncharged, weakly-interacting • Low energy (eV scale) • Detection of “Big Bang” neutrinos difficult • Medium energy (MeV scale) • Detection of stellar neutrinos established • High energy (TeV to EeV scale) • Detection of extragalactic neutrinos progressing Steve Dye, HPU

9. Neutrino Astrophysics- SN1987a http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jcv/imb/imbp5.html Steve Dye, HPU

10. http://elvis.phys.lsu.edu/svoboda/superk/cossun.pdf http://elvis.phys.lsu.edu/svoboda/superk/sun.gif Steve Dye, HPU

11. Neutrinos from Nuclear Reactors http://www.insc.anl.gov/pwrmaps/map/world_map.php Steve Dye, HPU

12. Underground Neutrino Detector • KamLAND in Japan • 1000 tonnes of liquid scintillator • ~2000 PMTs • Rate in 400 tonnes ~1/(2 days) from reactors at 180 km Steve Dye, HPU

13. Anti-Neutrino Detection from John G. Learned “Monitoring All Earth Reactors” Steve Dye, HPU

14. Neutrinos in Japan • KamLand signal primarily neutrinos from nuclear reactors • Neutrinos from Earth detected! Raghavan hep-ex/0208038 Steve Dye, HPU

15. Summary Point #1 • Neutrinos exist with measured properties • Neutrinos carry information from deep inside stars, galaxies, and Earth • Neutrinos of energy ~1 MeV can be detected using proven techniques Steve Dye, HPU

16. Geophysics http://www.solarviews.com/cap/earth/earthfg2.htm Steve Dye, HPU

17. Seismology • Earthquake waves • Pressure waves • P (primary) waves • Shear waves • S (secondary) waves • Solids • Transmit P and S waves • Fluids • Transmit only P waves http://www.mantleplumes.org/Energetics.html Steve Dye, HPU

18. Earth’s Interior http://mantleplumes.org/Energetics.html Steve Dye, HPU

19. Geodynamo • Magnetic field • Dipole • Convection in outer core • Rotation of Earth • Magnetic field required for life to exist • Deflects radiation • Helps retain atmosphere http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~glatz/geodynamo/html Steve Dye, HPU

20. Global Heat Flow http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/IHFC/heatflow.html >24,000 fieldmeasurements http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/IHFC/heatflow.html Steve Dye, HPU

21. Earth Radioactivity • Long-lived radioactive isotopes • Decay of heavy elements heats the Earth • How much heat and from where are the main questions • U/Th/K distribution in the core, mantle, crust http://neutrino2004.in2p3.fr/slides/monday/fiorentini.pdf Steve Dye, HPU

22. Summary Point #2 • Much to be learned in geophysics • Composition of mantle and core • Origin of Earth • Source of heat flow • Mechanism of geodynamo Steve Dye, HPU

23. Geo-neutrinos • Anti-neutrinos from the Earth • Arise from decay of radioactive elements (U+Th+K) in crust, mantle, and maybe core • Detection above 1.8 MeV proven (U+Th) Domogatsky et al., hep-ph/0409069 Rothschild, Chen and Calaprice: nucl-ex/9710001 Steve Dye, HPU

24. Geo-neutrinos • Contributions from continental crust, oceanic crust, and mantle • Possible observational sites • Japan • Italy • Canada • Russia • Curacao • Hawaii Steve Dye, HPU

25. Geo-neutrinos at Curacao • Dutch project • Long, narrow underground shafts • Instrumented with nuclear detectors • Strives to measure neutrino direction • Goal: Neutrino tomography of Earth R.J. de Meijer EARTH Info-001 Steve Dye, HPU

26. Anti-Neutrinos from the Core • J. Marvin Herndon • Breeder (fission) reactor deep within inner core • Explains heat flow, geomagnetic field variability, He3/He4 • Power output 3-10 TW • Observable through neutrino emission Steve Dye, HPU

27. Geo-reactor neutrinos • Test of geo-reactor hypothesis requires special location for clear signal • Far from man-made reactors • Far from continental crust • Hawaii is excellent site Raghavan hep-ex/0208038 Steve Dye, HPU

28. HANOHANO(Hawaiian for magnificent) • Hawaii Anti-Neutrino Observatory • New initiative in Hawaii for neutrino geophysics project • Objectives are: • Measure geo-neutrinos from mantle and U/Th • Test geo-reactor hypothesis • Method: • Deploy KamLAND-like detector in the deep (4-5 km) ocean near Hawaii and operate for about 1 year • Funding: • Submitting proposal to CEROS next week for design study • If successful, propose CEROS follow-on for prototype testing • Next go for order of $100M from NSF for full detector Steve Dye, HPU

29. Deep Ocean Technology • Hawaii-2 Observatory • Deployed in 1998 • Another off Japan ’93 • Neutrino detector possible in 3-5 years http://oceanusmag.whoi.edu/images/v42n2-chave1en.jpg Steve Dye, HPU

30. Summary and Conclusion • Neutrino detection is a viable (only?) method for learning what is inside Earth • Various neutrino geophysics projects being considered around the globe • Hawaii is an excellent site for a project • Deep ocean technology sufficiently advanced • HANOHANO Steve Dye, HPU