CHINA The concerns of the EU Industry Press Club – 26 April 2013 Inès Van Lierde

1. CHINA The concerns of the EU Industry Press Club – 26 April 2013 Inès Van Lierde Chair of the BUSINESSEUROPE TPI Working Group Secretary General of EUROALLIAGES

2. The Basic AD Regulation (1) Art. 2 (7) of the Basic AD Regulation provides that: “In the case of imports from non-market economy countries (…), normal value shall be determined on the basis of the price or constructed value in a market economy country, or the price from such a third country to other countries, including the Community, or where those are not possible, on any other reasonable basis, including the price actually paid or payable in the Community for the like product, duly adjusted if necessary to include a reasonable profit margin”. →domestic prices and costs in China are not taken into account in the calculation of the dumping margin → only prices in an analogue market (market economy)

3. The Basic AD Regulation (2) • According to the Basic AD Regulation: • A product is considered as dumped if sold in the EU, to the first independent buyer, at less than its “normal value”. Both values (domestic price, i.e. the normal value”) and the export price are calculated ex works. • The dumping margin is the difference between these two values, expressed as a % of the CIF import price. • Example: Normal value: 100 • Import price (EXW): 80 • Import price (CIF): 90 • Dumping margin: 20 • Dumping margin (%): 22%

4. China and the WTO • China became WTO member in 2001. • In the WTO Accession Protocol, a transitional period (up to 11 December 2016) was agreed upon in respect to several topics, one of those being the potential granting of “Market Economy Status” (MES) • WTO and MES are, de facto and de jure, two independent concepts: • There are WTO members which were not granted MES at the time of their accession (China) • There were non WTO members which were granted MES (Russia)

5. China and the WTO In 2016, the Accession Protocol provides for the recognition of China as a market economy, though there is a legal debate (and uncertainty…) about the “automaticity” of such a recognition by WTO Members. The question (and the debate..) there is: - Is this recognition automatically granted pursuant to the Accession legal provisions (in particular Art. 15 of the Accession Protocol) OR - Could WTO members unilaterally decide after 2016 that China still has to proof MES according to their own criteria (EU, US…), by industrial sector or case by case?

6. China and the WTO Article 15(d) of the Accession Protocol provides that it is China that must show that it has MES either for the whole economy or for subsectors of the economy. Hence, there is nothing automatic in the granting of MES. ‘Showing’ MES is not one single act valid immediately in all WTO Members. China must show that it has achieved MES according to the criteria laid down in the relevant law of each WTO member. As China was not granted MES on WTO accession, some Members considered China had met MES conditions. Others did not.

7. China and the WTO • The problem facing investigating authorities (the Commission in the EU) is what happens if the exporting producers cannot show that ME conditions apply in their industry (or China is unable to show that it has achieved MES). • In that situation, the investigating authority is not obliged to use the domestic Chinese prices and cost. • It is likely that the investigating authority will have to use prices that are somehow comparable to domestic prices but not the actual prices. In other words, prices and costs adjusted to true market conditions. • This issue still has to be resolved….

8. MES in the EU • The criteria for granting MES in the EU are purely technical: • Prices and costs are made without State interference, at market values • Accounting records are in line with international standards • Production costs and financial situation are exempted from former NME legacy (public ownership, barter trade…) • Bankruptcy and property laws do provide legal certainty and stability • Exchange rate conversions are carried out at market rate • the criteria are technical… • and their assessment should remain technical as well!

9. MES /MET (market economy treatment) and the EU PRACTICE • The impact for the EU industry of the current MET practice is a quitevalid anticipation of what future MES couldmean to industry. • Ferro-Molybdenum: AD investigation regarding imports from the PR China • MET requestshad been receivedfrom 10 companies • Only one companydidcomplywith the MET criteria (no State interference) • Provisional AD duty: 3,6% (othermeasuresvaryingbetween 9,8% and 26,3%) • Betweenprovisionals and final duties, a meeting took place under the auspices of the China Chamber of Commerce and Minmetals (CCCMC): exports quotas wereallocatedaccording to the lowestlevel of AD duty, i.e. the companywith MET… • At the definitive stage, MET waswithdrawn. A country wideduty has been imposed: 22,5%

10. MES/MET and the PRACTICE • Other examples: • FeSi originating from PR China: company with MET15,6% • another company (IT) 29% • residual duty 31,2% • Silicon originating from PR China:company with MET 16,3% • residual duty19%

11. MES/MET and the PRACTICE • MET: Evidence to beprovided for in the current AD practice • MET questionnaire to befilled in and documented by the companiesrequesting MET • Non confidential version of the replies: verypoor…. • Complainants not in a position to rebut or comment! • Deadlines extremely short: « a determination (…) shallbe made withinthreemonths of the initiation of the investigation (…) after the CommunityIndustry has been given an opportunity to comment » (Art.2 (7) c) of the Basic ADR) • BUT: comments in practice are quitedifficult if not impossible!

12. SOME FINAL THOUGHTS • MES: samedifficulties…but at the level of the country (or industry’ssector)! • It is the industry’s opinion thereforethat: • All MES criteriashouldbescreened and checkedverycarefully, on TECHNICAL grounds only! • Given the « lesserdutyrule » in the EU, AD duties are alreadyextremelylow as comparedwith the US. • EU industrywouldbeveryexposed to Chinese dumping practices should MES begrantedautomatically or for politicalreasons….