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Initiating Reproduction: Photoperiod

4. Initiating Reproduction: Photoperiod. Gonads enlarge when artificial day > 10 hrs. Initiating Reproduction: Air Temperature. Cold snap early in breeding season delays nesting. Egg laid when temp -30 o F. Sperm production reduced at lower temperatures.

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Initiating Reproduction: Photoperiod

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  1. 4

  2. Initiating Reproduction: Photoperiod • Gonads enlarge when artificial day > 10 hrs

  3. Initiating Reproduction: Air Temperature • Cold snap early in breeding • season delays nesting • Egg laid when • temp -30o F • Sperm production reduced at lower temperatures

  4. Initiating Reproduction: Rainfall • Nesting occurs 10-14 days after heavy spring rain • Heavy rains in July often initiate second nesting

  5. Initiating Reproduction: Food • Nesting initiated any time of year. Corresponds to Cone Irruption

  6. Male Reproductive Condition

  7. Control of Testes Development: Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland Fig. 4-31 in Podulka et al. 2004

  8. Control of Testes Development: Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland • Hypothalamus Secretes Gonadotropin- • Releasing Hormone into Anterior • Pituitary (GnRH) • Anterior Pituitary Secretes Follicle- • Stimulating Hormone (FSH) • and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) • into Circulatory System Fig. 4-31 in Podulka et al. 2004

  9. Stimulation of Testes Development • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Stimulate Testes / Sperm Development • Luteinizing Hormone Stimulates Testosterone Production

  10. Wingfield and Hahn (1994).

  11. TESTOSTERONE: Negative Feedback

  12. http://www.wtamu.edu/~rmatlack/pigeon_dissection/male_reproductive.jpghttp://www.wtamu.edu/~rmatlack/pigeon_dissection/male_reproductive.jpg

  13. Spermatogenesis

  14. Bird Sperm Fig. 4-108 in Podulka et al. 2004

  15. Detecting Male Reproductive Condition: Cloacal Protuberance (Passerines) Fig. 4-109 in Podulka et al. 2004

  16. Male Reproductive Anatomy Deferent Duct (Vas Deferens) Seminal Vesicle Papilla

  17. Cloacal Phallus = “Penis” (Waterfowl, Ratites, Red-Billed Buffalo Weaver) Ostrich Goose Lake Duck

  18. Cloacal Phallus = “Penis” (Waterfowl, Ratites) Fig. 14-12 in Gill et al. 2007

  19. Bird “Penis”: Relationship to Mammalian Penis 9 Fig. 4-71 in Podulka et al. 2004

  20. Cloacal Phallus = “Penis” (Red-Billed Buffalo Weaver) Prolonged Rubbing (10-20 Minutes) Stimulates Female (Enhanced Sperm Transfer?)

  21. Female: Ovary, Oviduct

  22. Control of Ovary Development: Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland • Hypothalamus Secretes Gonadotropin- • Releasing Hormone into Anterior • Pituitary (GnRH) • Anterior Pituitary Secretes Follicle- • Stimulating Hormone (FSH) • and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) • into Circulatory System Fig. 4-31 in Podulka et al. 2004

  23. Stimulation of Ovary Development (Usually, Left Ovary Only; Some Raptors: Both) • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Stimulates Ovary Development and Follicle/Egg Production • Luteinizing Hormone Stimulates Ovulation and Progesterone Production

  24. Female Reproductive Anatomy Ovary Oviduct Cloaca Fig. 4-111 in Podulka et al. 2004

  25. Ovum (Gamete) Maturation (Oogenesis) (Meiosis Partially Completed at Birth)

  26. Follicles (Immature Eggs) in Ovary http://www.soupsong.com/ova.jpg

  27. Follicle Maturation and Ovulation • Infundibulum Raises Up, Swallows Egg Fig. 4-111 in Podulka et al. 2004

  28. Copulation 5 3 (Cloacal Kiss, Insemination)

  29. Copulation: Acrobatics (Swift) (Flamingo) Aerial Copulation Head in the Water

  30. Copulation: Endurance 500 Copulations per Clutch 25 Minute Continuous Copulation (Goshawk) (Aquatic Warbler)

  31. Copulation (Papillae Contact Openings of Oviduct)

  32. “The Long and Winding Road” Oviduct Opening to Infundibulum (Top Speed: < 30 Minutes)

  33. Fertilization

  34. Sperm Production Rooster: 7-8 Billion Sperm / Ejaculation

  35. Fertilization: Sperm-Storage Tubules Fig. 14-13 in Gill 2007 Fig. 14-17 in Gill 2007

  36. Avian Breeding Systems Monogamy (Frequently, Shared Parental Care) “Well over 9/10’s of all passerine subfamilies are normally monogamous. ..Polyandry [multiple mates] is unknown” David Lack, 1968

  37. EXTRA-PAIR COPULATION (Outside the Pair Bond) Pair-Bond Only 14% of Socially Monogamous Bird Species Studied to Date are Genetically Monogamous

  38. Fertilization: Sperm Competition Strategies Frequent Copulations Large Testes High Quantity Mate Guarding Long Sperm

  39. Fertilization: Sperm Competition Strategies Dunnock • Male Pecks at Female Cloaca until Competitors Sperm Ejected Fig. 14-10 in Gill 2007

  40. Frequency of Extra-Pair Bonds (130 Bird Species) More than 50% of Tree Swallow Nestlings can be Sired by Extra-Pair Copulations Fig. 12-21 in Gill 2007

  41. EXTRA-PAIR COPULATION: (Why?) • Blue Tits Engage in Extra-Pair Copulations with • Distant, Genetically Different Males. • These Offspring more likely to survive winter than • offspring of Social Mate

  42. AVIAN BREEDING SYSTEMS: POLYGYNY Resource Defense Polygyny

  43. AVIAN BREEDING SYSTEMS: POLYGYNY Female-Defense Polygyny

  44. AVIAN BREEDING SYSTEMS: POLYGYNY Lek Polygyny

  45. AVIAN BREEDING SYSTEMS: POLYANDRY

  46. AVIAN BREEDING SYSTEMS: POLYANDRY

  47. 1 http://www.penguin-quilts.com/IMAGES/MATING.JPG 2 http://scienceblogs.com/retrospectacle/mating%20close.JPG 3 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/1/11/ 20071013152142!House_Sparrows_mating_I_IMG_0066.jpg 4 http://www.jennifermarohasy.com/blog/archives/Cassowaries%20Mating% 20blog.JPG 5 http://farm1.static.flickr.com/179/430750607_364fcc6c09.jpg 6 http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/gullsmating.jpg 7 http://www.hiltonpond.org/images/CloacalProtuberance02.jpg 8 http://ocw.tufts.edu/data/5/215794/12007_medium.jpg 9 http://www.theage.com.au/ffximage/2008/03/29/majviagra_narrowweb__ 300x420,0.jpg 10 http://www.backyardbirdcam.com/gallery/sparrow-house-f-lg2.jpg 11 http://www.nps.gov/archive/whsa/bird%20list/house%20sparrow.jpg

  48. 12 http://www.bto.org/nnbw/nesting_birds/images/house_sparrow.jpg 13 http://aishah776.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/dscn1144.jpg 14 http://www.parismina.com/images/turtle2.jpg 15 http://www.naturealmanac.com/archive/wild_turkey/pics/turkey-nest.jpg 16 http://www.kabri.net/tikey%20baby.JPG 17 http://www.cookiemadness.net/egg%20whites.jpg 18 http://pro.corbis.com/images/42-16420777.jpg?size=572&uid= %7B2C5DEB80-2648-428F-AFD3-94E59299B98D%7D 19 http://feredayisland.co.nz/Pictures/beat_egg_yolk.jpg 20 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19510.jpg 21 http://www.nicholsoncartoons.com.au/cartoons/new/2002-20-23%20Bali%20 Indonesia%20Bashir%20gets%20bile%20drip%20520.JPG 22 http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss3/phycobilins.gif 23 http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/20/assets/images/Cyanea.jpg

  49. 24 http://www.walesbiomass.org/images/2.2.2-Song-Thrush-Eggs.jpg 25 http://www.isledegrande.com/gi-ncnature/redwingedblackbirdeggs-9.jpg 26 http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_04_img0177.jpg 27 http://www.audubon.org/bird/puffin/virtual/pics/tern_w_two_chicks.jpg 28 http://www.londons-swifts.org.uk/GC_Swifts_mating%20(5).jpg

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