Forestry and the Millennium Development Goals

1. Forestry and the Millennium Development Goals Glenn Denning, MDGTSC Tony Simons, World Agroforestry Centre

2. Trees in Africa

3. % from developed countries 14% 15% 16% 18% 20% 22% 24% 26% 29% 32% 34% People in the landscape

4. Millennium Development Goals • September 2000, all UN countries signed up to the Millennium Declaration • Declaration is underpinned by the 8 Millennium Development Goals • MDGs set targets for development by 2015 • Quantify change based on a 25 year time-frame using 1990 as a baseline • Agreeing to goals and targets is one thing, operationalising them is another

5. Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger • Tree products, including timber can contribute more to household income as well as substitute for current expenditure. • Markets for timber are imperfect and function sub-optimally thus progress is needed to improve market structure, conduct and performance.

6. Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education • In many cases trees provide lower labour enterprises than annual crops which means children may be needed less to supplement adult farm labour. • Bringing tree cultivation knowledge and skills into primary education may increase the incentive for parents to enroll both male and female children in school. • Income from timber may make school enrolment easier for rural parents.

8. Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women • In many cases trees provide lower labour enterprises than annual crops which means children may be needed less to supplement adult farm labour. • Income from tree products may make school enrolment easier for rural parents.

9. Goal 4: Reduce child mortality • Timber trees of some species provide nutritious and energy-rich fruits and leaves that can be high in protein, sugars, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins • Timber trees can provide several medicinal products (bark, roots, fruit, leaves) that can be used to prevent and cure childhood diseases and threatening maladies such as malaria • Income from timber may also be used for purchasing food outside of annual crop harvest seasons

11. Goal 5: Improve maternal health • Timber trees with medicinal value can produce remedies from bark, roots, fruit, leaves that can be used to prevent and cure diseases and threatening maladies such as malaria. • Fruits and leaves from trees can provide minerals (Selenium, Calcium, Iron) and vitamins (A, B, C and E) necessary for healthy pregnancies and post-natal health.

13. Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases • Timber trees with medicinal value can treat opportunistic infections (bacterial, fungal, viral, protozoal) associated with HIV/AIDs with medicinal tree products since many rural communities have limited access to conventional treatments. • Income generated from marketing timber may be used for purchasing conventional medicines • Timber species with insecticidal compounds may reduce malaria infection rates by providing natural insecticides.

14. Health Expenditure per capita (US$) (1997-8) Inadequate expenditure < US$40 per capita p.a.

15. Case of Medicinal Trees • - 80% of rural people in SSA use traditional medicine • Nearly all material used is collected from wild • Harvesting is generally destructive and exhaustive • Marketing carries on but in most countries is illegal • Overseas interest and rewards are high • Conflicts with conventional medicine markets • Little or no processing, value-addition • Research needed to enable economic growth • conserve and promote valuable species/variants • determine safety issues • quantification of active ingredients • processing and formulation advances • policy reform

16. Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability • Forest cover definitions only include natural forest and plantations although progress is being made by FAO and others on quantification of trees outside forests. Thus in time cultivation of trees in agroforestry systems which already contribute to increases in tree cover may be recognized as also contributing to increases in forest cover. • Tree planting in key watersheds may increase numbers of rural people with access to safe drinking water. • Peri-urban and urban tree planting adjacent to slum areas may increase security of tenure, structural quality and durability of dwellings, and access to safe water. • Through cultivation of more trees on farms this may in some cases assist in the conservation of protected areas.

17. Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development • Successful tree planting and tree product market projects may enthuse donors to contribute more development assistance in this area. • Sustainable tree product enterprises in developing countries may secure easier market access and reduced tariffs in developed countries. • Increased exports from tree crops may reduce debt servicing burden of developing countries. • Rural unemployment rates are high and may be reduced with strong tree cultivation and tree product marketing initiatives • With increasing recognition of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) medicinal tree products may become recognized as essential medicines by WHO and contribute to improving medicine availability.

18. FORESTRY PERSPECTIVES SECTORS OF SOCIETY SCALE SFM, Forest Protection Global Conventions GLOBE POLITICAL ZONE Forest Rights National Policies Community Rules Forest Distribution CATCHMENT LANDSCAPE FARM AND PLOT Tree Use Farmers’ Decisions BIOLOGICAL DOMAINS Resource Dynamics Science Advice

19. Which ministries relate to forests? Ministry of Forestry Ministry of Environment Ministry of Natural Resources Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Rural Development Ministry of Water Ministry of Wildlife Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Trade Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Health Ministry of Finance

21. Allanblackia stuhlmanii

22. Market-driven Agroforestry • Focus on Demand(what to grow, when to sell) • Production and market price data • Consumer preferences • Market Information Systems • Temporal and spatial market integration • Factor demand into research prioritisation • Enterprise Development • Develop small-holder enterprise models • Establish business incubator units • Disseminate extension information • Policies to favour small-scale traders/producers • New Business Relationships • Build farm-agribusiness linkages • Improve market access • Provide incentives, hedging mechanisms • Develop niche markets