Chapter 11 - Urban Systems and Urban Structures

1. Chapter 11 - Urban Systems and Urban Structures The nature of cities in an urbanizing world: origins, definitions and locations The economic base and systems of cities: functions, hierarchies, and networks Inside the city: land uses, social areas, and patterns of change World urban diversity: cities in Anglo America, Europe, and the developing world 11.1, 11.2

2. Megacities and Merging Metropolises • Megacity: > 20 million pop. metropolises - from personal choice and government investment decision. (11.3, 11.4) • 4% world pop lives in cities of 10 million or more (11.5) • Merged to “Conurbations”- multiple centers.The major conurbations in N America “Megalopolis” called BosNyWash. • Megalopolis and other Angle American Conurbations (11.6).

3. Settlement Roots • Most rural people live in village, or hamlet. Only W.Europe, Americas (except Mormon Utah and Mennonite Manitoba), Australia and New Zealand - live apart. • Cooperative and utopian community - Oneida (NY), Amana (IA), and New Harmony (IN) • Rural settlement forms (11.7, 11.8 and 11.9) • Trade - tendency for linear clustered houses along main streets.

4. Nature of Cities • Urban units are not single type, structure or size, sharing common characteristics - nucleated and nonagricultural settlements. • City/Town - with CBD, (11.10) • Suburb - functionally specialized segment of a larger urban complex. Not self-sufficient. • Urbanized area - continuous built-up landscape defined by building and population densities with no reference to political boundaries. • Metropolitan area - large-scale functional entity. Current Federal Definition: MSAs (Metropolitan Statistical Areas) economically integrated urbanized areas in one or more contiguous counties. (11.11)

5. Location of Urban Settlement • Site - absolute location, such as break-of-bulk, bayhead, railhead (end of railroad), waterpower cities, island, elevated cities,... (1.9, 1.10, page 10) • Situation - relative location - places a settlement in relation to the physical and cultural characteristics of surrounding areas. • The site or situation originally gave rise to an urban unit may not remain the essential ingredient for its growth and development for very long. Circular and cumulative causation - a successful urban unit may acquire new populations and functions attracted by the already exiting markets, labor force, and urban facilities.

6. Economic Base • City support itself or provides services and products for its hinterland. • Basic Sector - “export” service/products to outsides • Nonbasic sector - support themselves in the city. • Total economic structure of an urban area = basic+nonbasic • Functional specialization of urban areas (11.12) • Ratio tends to grow (basic/nonbasic) to 1/2 in a 1 million city • multiplier effect - (11.13) • The growth of cities may be self-generating “circular and cumulative” -service industry (bank and retailing service, public) - add more labor needs to nonbasic sector. • declining trend in NE and Midwest (Fig. 11.14 and Table 11.1)

7. Urban Hierarchy • Ranking of cities based on size and functional complexity • E.g. 12 million in largest city, then the second largest city will have 6 million, and third largest will have 4 million (1/3 of the largest city)….. The difference becomes smaller at lower levels of the hierarchy. • This rule doesn’t apply to countries with dominant city such as France and Mexico. • Primate City - far more than twice the size the second-ranked city - Seoul in Korea and Luanda in Angola - express the heritage of their culture or colonial imprints. (11.17- primate city evolution) • World Cities (11.18) • Urban Influence Zones - area outside of a city that are still affected by it (Baxter, Algood)

8. Central Place Theory - Walter Christaller • Assumption - 1) no topographic barriers, channelization of traffic and variations in farm productivity • 2) even population distribution pattern • 3) same purchasing power, tastes and demands • 4) minimum number of customers • 5) shortest distance demand • Results - 1) sales monopoly in each polygon 2) no userved areas 3) central place at the center of hexagon 4) Largest centers provide enough service to the largest area 5) size of market area proportional to the number of goods and services offered from that place 6) smaller hexagon serves smaller area (11.18)

9. Christaller’s Hierarchy of Settlements and Service AreasT=towns, C=city,H=hamlet,V=village • Nesting pattern • each larger complementary regions is centered on a higher-order urban place • Rank-size population

10. Conclusions from Hexagon Model • Ranks of urban places do form an orderly hierarchy of central places in spatial balance, if one removed, new equilibrium will be formed. • Same distance apart for the city with same rank • Larger cities will be spaced farther from each other than smaller towns or villages • applicable to agricultural areas, new balanced network will form once a node is removed. • Supportive evidences found in Europe, N America and, North China Plain and Sichuan Basin, Midwest’s square layout confirmed Christaller’s model

11. Network City • Two or more cities - Partially complementary in functions, developing to a networking pattern • Kyoto (cultural capital), Osaka(commercial/industrial) and Kobe (leading port) joining together to compete with Tokyo as a major center of commerce • Europe - Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and The Hague – “the Raqndstad” • No true US network city.