Chronic Renal Failure Patients

1. Chronic Renal Failure Patients What You Need to Know!

2. Objectives • To provide a basic understanding of: • Chronic renal failure/end stage renal disease • Types of renal replacement therapy • Vascular access and vein preservation • The fundamental assessment of patients in an emergency situation

3. Chronic Renal Failure: CRF • Usually a slow progressive onset • Irreversible loss of kidney function leading to end stage renal disease (ESRD) • Imminent need for dialysis

4. End Stage Renal Disease • Kidneys can’t function well enough to sustain life • Fluid and toxins accumulate in the blood • Dialysis treatments are required regularly • Medications are required to prevent rejection of a kidney transplant

5. ESRD in Florida • Over 21,000 patients • Approximately 5,000 kidney transplant patients • 300 dialysis facilities • 9 transplant centers • More than 80% of dialysis patients have diabetes and/or high blood pressure • Most patients have multiple co-morbid conditions

6. Location of Patients

7. Types of Renal Replacement Therapy • Hemodialysis • In center • Home • Peritoneal dialysis • Manual • Cycler • Transplant

8. Hemodialysis (HD) • In center • Home • Daily or every other day • Treatment time varies by patient • Nocturnal – Home or In Center • Hemo machine • Purified water

9. Types of Peritoneal Dialysis • Continuous ambulatory PD / CAPD • Manual with no machinery involved • Performed 24/7 • Approximately one 18x11x8 case of supplies are used daily • Continuous Cycler PD / CCPD • Automated using a delivery machine • Usually done only at night

10. Transplantation • Take special drugs to prevent rejection of kidney • Some medications diminish the body’s ability to fight infection • Avoid exposure to infections

11. Vascular Access for Hemodialysis • Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) • Arteriovenous graft (AVG) • Central vein catheter (CVC)

12. Arteriovenous Fistula Vein Artery

13. Arteriovenous Graft -Loop Artery Loop Graft Vein

14. Placement for CVC • Internal jugular vein • External jugular vein • Subclavian vein (avoid if possible)

15. Placement for CVC Femoral Vein

16. Vein Preservation • From onset of diagnosis it is critical to protect the patient’s veins for future use as vascular access sites.

17. Access Preservation • Protection of access • Protect from injury • No BP, IV’s or lab draws in access arm • Do not carry heavy items on access arm (such as a purse, or tight jewelry) • Access is for dialysis only

18. Clinical Assessment • Fluid status • Is there periorbital or pedal edema? • May not be unusual for this patient • Listen to the lungs • Do they have rales or rhonchi? • Are they short of breath?

19. Clinical Assessment • Cardiac status • Take blood pressure and pulse • Do not use access arm • Is BP and pulse “normal” for the patient? • Is the heart rate regular?

20. Clinical Assessment • Infection • Is the patient’s temperature elevated? • Is the CV catheter site clean and dry? • Is the PD catheter site clean and dry? • For PD patients: is the abdomen firm, tender to touch?

22. Diet and Fluid Restrictions • Fluid is anything that is liquid at room temperature • Fluid should be limited to 2 cups per day • Patients are instructed on emergency diets and encouraged to bring acceptable foods with them • Food high in potassium and salt should be avoided • Foods high in potassium could effect heart rhythm

23. Foods Very High In Potassium • Beans, peanuts, soybeans, lentils, peas • Sweet and white potatoes • Dried fruit- apricots, raisins, peaches • Avocados, cantaloupe • Banana, plantains • Artichokes, winter squash, pumpkin, parsnips • Beet greens, spinach, Swiss chard, cabbage • Milk, soymilk • Tomatoes, okra, canned mushrooms • Oranges