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The Circulatory System

The Circulatory System. http:// www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&v=r_RQMdqccqc&NR=1. Circulatory System and Blood. Circulatory System relates to: Skeletal system  Where blood cells are produced Respiratory System  carries oxygen/carbon dioxide to the body

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The Circulatory System

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  1. The Circulatory System http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&v=r_RQMdqccqc&NR=1

  2. Circulatory System and Blood • Circulatory System relates to: • Skeletal system  Where blood cells are produced • Respiratory System  carries oxygen/carbon dioxide to the body • Lymphatic System  lymph and foreign invader defenders travel through the blood system • Functions of blood • Fluid connective tissue • Transport dissolved gasses, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes • Regulates pH and ion composition • Restricts fluid loss at injury sites • Defense against toxins/pathogens

  3. The composition of whole blood • 46-63% Plasma • 37-54% Formed Elements • 3 components: • Red Blood Cells, RBC’s or erythrocytes • Most abundant • Transport oxygen/carbon dioxide • White Blood Cells, WBC’c or leukocytes • Involved in body’s defense mechanisms • Platelets • Small packets of cytoplasm that contain enzymes and other substances for clotting • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-sKZWqsUpw

  4. Plasma • Plasma composition: • 92% water • 7% Plasma Proteins • 1% other solutes

  5. The composition Plasma

  6. Plasma: Plasma Proteins • 3 Primary types: • Albumins • Regulate osmotic pressure of plasma • Transport fatty acids, hormones • Globulins • Antibodies that attack foreign proteins and pathogens • Fibrinogens • Blood clotting if platelets don’t clot properly

  7. Formed Elements • 99.9% Erythrocytes • Contain the red pigment hemoglobin • Single blood drop = 260 million RBC’s • Structure: • Biconcave disc • Enables RBC’s to form smooth stacks that flow through narrow openings • Enables bending/flexing • During differentiation, RBC’s loose most organelles  short lifespan (<120 days)

  8. The composition Formed Elements

  9. Red Blood Cells Elements • Hemoglobin • Bloods cells with attached oxygen  bright red • binds and transports oxygen/carbon dioxide to tissues throughout the body • Anemia: condition where the Hemoglobin levels are low • Interferes with oxygen delivery • Symptoms: weak, lethargic, confused • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkC5Hf-AKwo&NR=1

  10. Red Blood Cells Elements • Blood Doping: involves harvesting an athlete's own blood before a competition or finding a matching blood donor • blood is processed to create a concentration of red blood cells, then frozen until needed for transfusion back into the athlete shortly before the event • the extra red blood cells will deliver more oxygen and other essential elements to the athlete's muscle tissues, which means more stamina and endurance

  11. Blood Types • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4qkwW-Fl3E • A classification determined by presence/absence of antigens • Substances that trigger an immune response • Attached to cell membranes of RBC’s • RBC’s of individual will have either • A antigens • B antigens • Both A and B antigens • Neither A or B antigens

  12. Blood Types • Type A • Antigen A • 40% • Type B • Antigen B • 10% • Type AB • Antigens A and B • 4% • Type O • Neither antigens • 46%

  13. Blood Types • Rh factor • Surface antigen • Rh+ • Presences of Rh antigen • 85% • Rh- • Absence of Rh antigen • 15% • Example: • O-  No antigens present • AB+  A, B, and Rh antigens present

  14. Day 2 • Blood typing lab

  15. Blood Types • Why do we need to be aware of blood types? • Agglutinins: cells in plasma that attack antigens on “misplaced” RBC’s • When agglutinins attack the foreign RBC’s clump together = agglutination • If you are Type A  your plasma carries anti-B (antibodies B) which will attack Type B surface antigens • Universal Recipient: AB+ • Universal Donor: O-

  16. Inheritance of Blood Types • Inherited through genes on chromosome 9 • Determined by the inheritance of 1 of 3 alleles(A, B, or O) from each parent.  The possible outcomes are shown below: • Both A and B alleles are dominant over O. The A and B alleles are codominant.  Therefore, if an A is inherited from one parent and a B from the other, the phenotype will be AB.

  17. Day 3

  18. White Blood Cells • Compared to RBC’s • Have a nuclei, organelles • Lack hemoglobin • Function • Defend against invasion by pathogens • Remove toxins, wastes, abnormal/damaged cells

  19. Movement of White Blood Cells • Use bloodstream to travel from organ to organ • Detect chemical signals within the blood to seek out the damaged area • Can move out of bloodstream • Some can do phagocytosis: the ability to engulf large particles • Types of Leukocytes • Neutrophils • Eosinophils • Basophils • Monocytes • Lymphocytes

  20. Types of White Blood Cells • Neutrophils • 50-76% of WBC’s • The first WBC to arrive at injury site • Specialize in attacking and engulfing bacteria that has been marked • Eosinophils • Red in color • 2-4% of WBC’s • Phagocytize marked bacteria, parasites, or cellular debris • Basophils • <1% of WBC’s • Trigger dilation of blood vessels to avoid clotting

  21. Types of White Blood Cells • Monocytes • 2-8% of WBC’s • Aggressive phagocytes • Engulfing items larger than themselves • Release chemicals to attract other neutrophils and monocytes • Lymphocytes • 20-30% of WBC’s • 3 Classes: • T Cells • B Cells • NK Cells

  22. Classes of Lymphocytes • Lymphocytes • T Cells • Cell mediated immunity • Against invading foreign cells and tissue • B Cells • Humoral immunity • Producing of antibodies • NK Cells • “Natural Killer” cells • Immune surveillance • Detection of destruction • Important in preventing cancer

  23. White Blood Cell Disorders • Leukopenia: abnormally low #’s of leukocytes • Leukocytosis: abnormally high #’s of leukocytes • Leukemia: type of Leukocytosis, many kinds • Leukocytes fight off normal, healthy cells within the body

  24. Platelets • Platelets: thrombocytes • Thrombocytopenia: abnormally low platelet count • Cause: excessive bleeding • Thrombocytosis: exceedingly high platelet count • Infection, inflammation, cancer • Functions • Release enzymes at appropriate times to initiate clotting control • Formation of temporary patch in walls of damaged vessels

  25. The Heart

  26. Day 4

  27. Cardiovascular Circuit • Blood pumped through the body is involved in 2 main circuits: • Pulmonary • Carries blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs • Systemic • Transports blood to and from the rest of the body • Both circuits start and end at the heart • Circuits made up of: • Arteries • Veins • Capillaries

  28. Anatomy of the Heart • Surrounded by the pericardial cavity • Visceral Pericardium: lining covering the surface of the heart • Parietal Pericardium: lining on the inside surface of the pericardial cavity • Pericardial fluid: lubricant found between both pericardium layers to reduce the friction

  29. Superficial Anatomy of the Heart

  30. Superficial Anatomy of the Heart • Anterior View • Aorta • Ascending • Descending • Arch • Right Atrium • Right Ventricle • Left Atrium • Left Ventricle • Pulmonary Trunk • Superior Vena Cava • Left Pulmonary Artery

  31. Superficial Anatomy of the Heart

  32. Posterior View

  33. Superficial Anatomy of the Heart • Anterior View • Aorta • Arch • Right Atrium • Right Ventricle • Left Atrium • Left Ventricle • Pulmonary Trunk • Superior Vena Cava • Inferior Vena Cava • Left Pulmonary Artery • Right Pulmonary Artery

  34. Other Anatomical Structures • Interatrial Septum separates the right and left atria • Interventricular Septum  separates the right and left ventricles • Atrioventricular Valves—(2 of them) valves that open between atria and ventricles • 1 on right side: “Right AV valve” or tricuspid (3 flaps) • 1 on left side: “Left AV valve” or bicuspid (2 flaps) • Pulmonary Semilunar valve valves that open between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk • Aortic Semilunar valve valves that open between the left ventricle and the aorta

  35. Other Anatomical Structures Left Atrioventricular Valve or Bicuspid Pulmonary Semilunar Valve Aortic Semilunar Valve Right Atrioventricular Valve or Tricuspid Chordae Tendinae: connective tissue that pulls cusps open Papillary Muscles: attach to Chordae Tendinae and constrict to pull cusps open

  36. Review structures

  37. Blood Pathway • Blood from body Inferior/Superior Vena Cava's  Right Atrium  Right Atrioventricular Valve/Tricuspid Right Ventricle Pulmonary Semilunar Valve  Pulmonary Artery  • Lungs (BECOMES OXYGENATED)  • Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Left Atrioventricular valve/bicuspid Left Ventricle  Aortic Semilunar Valve Ascending Aorta  Aortic Arch Descending Aorta the Body

  38. Blood Pathway

  39. practice

  40. Blood Supply to the Heart • The heart, as a muscle, needs a blood supply too = coronary circulation • Coronary Arteries: (left and right) originate from the ascending aorta • Supplies blood to the heart tissue • Cardiac Veins: takes blood from the heart tissue and dumps it directly into the right atrium • Removes deoxygenated blood from the heart tissue

  41. Coronary Circulation

  42. Coronary Circulation (posterior)

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