Date : January 24, 2013 Topic : Mid-Term Review Aim : How can we successfully review for our Mid-Term Exam? Do Now : Mul

1. Date: January 24, 2013Topic: Mid-Term ReviewAim: How can we successfully review for our Mid-Term Exam?Do Now: Multiple Choice Questions.

2. ENLIGHTENMENT – A NEW INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT THAT STRESSED REASON AND THOUGHT AND THE POWER OF INDIVIDUALS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS. WHAT DOES THIS SOUND LIKE?

3. HOW DO HOBBES VIEWS DIFFER FROM LOCKES? HOW DO MONTESQUIEU’S VIEWS CONFLICT WITH THOSE OF ABSOLUTE GOVERNMENTS? DO YOU AGREE WITH ROUSEEAU? WHY?

4. Definition MARIA THERESA OF AUSTRIA – ENLIGHTENED DESPOT #1 • Enlightened Despots – absolute rulers who used their power to reform society. JOSEPH II OF AUSTRIA ENLIGHTENED DESPOT #2 CATHERINE THE GREAT OF RUSSIA. ENLIGHTENED DESPOT #3

5. CAUSES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 3RD 3RD • 2.) SOCIAL INEQUALITY HOW DOES THIS CHART ILLUSTRATE THE SOCIAL INEQUALITIES IN FRANCE ON THE EVE OF REVOLUTION?

6. Napoleon’s Achievements • The Economy • Napoleon controlled prices, supported new industry, and built roads and canals. • Education • Napoleon established a government supervised public school system. • Napoleonic Code • A legal code that included many Enlightenment ideas. • Ex: legal equality of citizens and religious toleration.

7. The Congress of Vienna • Congress of Vienna  meeting in 1815 following Napoleon’s defeat, to devise a peace settlement. European leaders agreed to restore order and stability throughout Europe. • Key People • Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria) – wanted to restore Europe to the way it was following the French Revolution. • Alexander I (Russia) – wanted to create an alliance of Christian monarchs to suppress future revolutions. • Lord Castlereagh (England) – wanted to prevent France fro rebuilding military forces. • Maurice Talleyrand (France) – wanted France to obtain equal footing with the rest of Europe.

8. Revolutions of 1848 • France • King Louis Philippe’s government was denounced as corrupt prompting a new revolution in 1848. • A republic was established in France. • Upper and middle class interests gained control of the government putting down a workers rebellion in Paris. • The fighting left bitter feelings between the working class and middle class.

9. It is not by means and speeches and majority resolutions that the great issues of the day will be decided-that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849-but by blood and iron. REALPOLITIK – “THE POLITICS OF REALITY”

11. INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION • The movement away from rural life began with the Agrarian Revolution, a change in methods of farming. • This led to greater food production.

12. 2.) The British discovered new ways to produce new food. Ex: JethroTull – seed drill. Increased Food Production I’m JethroTull and I invented the seed drill.

13. Enclosure – taking over and fencing off land that once had been shared by peasant farmers. The purpose was to replace the many small strip farms with larger fields. This made farming more efficient, improving agricultural production. B.) Enclosure Movement LARGER FIELDS

14. The Agrarian Revolution led to rapid population growth. Women had healthier and stronger babies. Improved medical care and sanitation helped people live longer. 1700’s: Europe’s population increased from 120 million to 190 million. Population Explosion

15. German philosopher Karl Marx promoted a more radical theory, “scientific socialism.” In 1848, Marx and German economist Friedrich Engels explained their ideas, listed here, in The Communist Manifesto. History was a struggle between wealthy capitalists and the working class, or proletariat. In order to make profits, the capitalists took advantage of the proletariat. The proletariat would eventually rise up and overthrow the capitalist system, creating their own society. The proletariat society would take control of the means of production and establish a classless, communist society, in which wealth and power would be equally shared. MARXIST SOCIALISM KARL MARX FRIEDRICH ENGELS

16. 1.) LAISSEZ-FAIRE ECONOMICS The mercantilism of the past had called for government regulation to achieve a formidable balance of trade. However, a theory called laissez faire had emerged during the Enlightenment. According to this theory, businesses should operate with little or no government interference. In his book The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith promoted laissez-faire ideas. They became the basis of the prevailing economic system during the Industrial Revolution. What does balance of trade mean? How else might the government regulate business? Laissez-Faire -

17. Adam Smith • Wealth of Nations • Invisible Hand • People work for self interest • Society naturally benefits • Lassiez Faire • Governmentdoes not interfere with business “hands off”

18. With new technology came the need for the investment of large amounts of money in businesses. To acquire this money, business owners sold stocks, or shares in their companies, to investors. Each stockholder therefore owned a part of the company. Stockholders allowed businesses to form corporations and expand into many areas. Why with new technology come the need for investment? 2.) Rise of Big Business

19. Social Darwinism • In 1859, British naturalist Charles Darwin caused an uproar by saying that humans had evolved over millions of years. This theory of evolution, as it was called, stirred conflicts between religion and science. • Part of Darwin’s theory involved the idea of natural selection. Using the ideas of Thomas Malthus, Darwin said that species naturally produced more offspring than the food supply could support. Members of each species had to compete to survive. Thus, natural forces selected the most able members, producing an improved species. • Later thinkers used Darwin’s ideas to develop a theory known as Social Darwinism. According to Social Darwinism, successful businesspeople were successful because they were naturally more “fit” to succeed than others. War allowed stronger nations to weed out weaker ones. Social Darwinism played a part in racism, the belief that one race is superior to another. It also contributed to the rise in imperialism.

20. Imperialism • Imperialism – the domination by one country of the political, economic, or social life of another country. • Where have we seen this before? COLUMBUS AND THE NATIVES OF NORTH AMERICA CORTEZ AND THE AZTECS

21. 4.) White Man’s Burden • Rudyard Kipling’s poem offered a justification for imperialism. • Kipling expressed the idea that white imperialists had a moral duty to educate people in nations they considered less developed. • Missionaries spread western ideas, customs, and religions to people in Africa and Asia. HOW DOES THIS CARTOON REFLECT WHITE MANS BURDEN?