Mobilization on the Home Front during World War II

1. CHAPTER The United States in World War II 25 Overview Time Lines 1 Mobilization on the Home Front SECTION 2 The War for Europe and North Africa SECTION 3 The War in the Pacific SECTION 4 The Impact of the War SECTION Chapter Assessment Transparencies

2. THEMES IN CHAPTER 25 Women in America Civil Rights Immigration and Migration The American Dream CHAPTER The United States in World War II 25 HOME “We are now in this war. We are all in it—all the way.” President Franklin Delano Roosevelt

3. What do you know? • Read the quote and answer the following: • What event prompted President Roosevelt to decide, “We are now in this war”? • What do you think being in the war “all the way” meant for Americans? • Do you think most Americans agreed with the president at this point? Why or why not? CHAPTER The United States in World War II 25 HOME “We are now in this war. We are all in it—all the way.” President Franklin Delano Roosevelt

4. 1941The Manhattan Project is established to develop an atomic bomb. Japan bombs Pearl Harbor, and the United States declares war on Japan. 1942President Roosevelt signs an order forcing Japanese Americans into internment camps. 1943The Allies force Italy to surrender. 1944U.S. Marines take Iwo Jima. 1945V-E Day ends the war in Europe. United States bombs Hiroshima and Nagasaki. CHAPTER Time Line 25 HOME The United States

5. 1941Germany invades Greece and Yugoslavia. Germany invades the Soviet Union. 1942The Nazis develop the “final solution” for exterminating Jews. Hitler orders attack on Stalingrad. Allies invade North Africa. 1944Allies invade occupied Europe on June 6, D-Day. Allied soldiers begin liberating survivors of Hitler’s death camps. Nazi retreat begins after Battle of the Bulge. 1943German soldiers surrender to Soviets at Stalingrad. 1945Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin meet at Yalta. CHAPTER Time Line 25 HOME The World

6. Learn About Americans’ responses to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. To Understand how the United States mobilizes its human and industrial resources to fight on two fronts. SECTION 1 Mobilization on the Home Front HOME

7. SECTION 1 Mobilization on the Home Front HOME Key Idea The United States enters the war and mobilizes its citizens and resources to give its allies unprecedented military and industrial support.

8. Section 1: Mobilizing for Defense • Americans Join the War Effort: • 5 Million volunteers • 10 Million drafted • General Marshall forms Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) May 1942 • Noncombat positions • African Americans not able to have combat positions until final year of war • Mexican, Chinese, Native, & Japanese Americans • Japanese and Chinese served mostly in Pacific…Spies

11. A Production Miracle • Factories convert to war production • Car factories retooled to produce tanks, planes, boats, and command cars • Mechanical pencils now bomb parts • Bedspread now mosquito net • Soft-drink company now filled shells with explosives • Henry Kaiser built seven shipyards that produces cargo ships, tankers, troop transports, and aircraft carriers • Labor Contributions…nation did not have enough workers to meet the needs of both the military and industry • Women and Minorities • 1941 William Randolph: American labor and civil rights leader • Called for a March on Washington, D.C. • Roosevelt makes a statement to all employers and labor unions to provide participation of all workers in defense industries regardless of race, creed, color, or national origin

14. Production Miracle Cont… • Mobilization of Scientists • Roosevelt created the OSRD (Office of Scientific Research and Development) which developed improvements in sonar and radar, pesticides, and “miracle drugs” (penicillin). It also launched the Manhattan Project: created the atomic bomb • Albert Einstein wrote Roosevelt a letter informing him of German discovery in 1939 • Germans scientist successful in splitting uranium atoms, releasing an enormous amount of energy

19. The Federal Government Takes Control • Chart on Page 773 • Rationing: establishing fixed allotments of goods deemed essential for the military • Meat, shoes, sugar, coffee, and gas • Gas in the West…more isolated living • Would America today be able or allow Government to control this much of their lives?

21. establishment of OPA Selective Service draft conversion of industries to wartime production creation of OSRD employment of women in war industry SECTION 1 Mobilization on the Home Front HOME 1 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING In what ways did the United States prepare for war? Preparation for War1940–1941

22. INTERPRETING Why do you think President Roosevelt gave in to A. Philip Randolph’s demands for equal African-American participation in the war effort? THINK ABOUT • the impact of a large demonstration in Washington on Roosevelt’s popularity • the relationship between blacks and whites in 1941 SECTION 1 Mobilization on the Home Front HOME 1 Section Assessment

23. FORMING OPINIONS Do you think that President Roosevelt should have ordered the internment of Japanese Americans living on the West Coast? THINK ABOUT • the founding principles of the United States • the human costs of internment • the behavior of Japanese Americans • the risks Japanese Americans posed to U.S. security SECTION 1 Mobilization on the Home Front HOME 1 Section Assessment

24. Learn About how the Allies coordinated the war effort. To Understand how they defeated Germany and Italy. SECTION 2 The War for Europe and North Africa HOME

25. SECTION 2 The War for Europe and North Africa HOME Key Idea The United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union cooperate in the fight to defeat Germany and its allies.

26. Section 2: The War for Europe and North Africa • The US and Britain Join Forces • Churchill convinced FDR to strike Hitler first than turn to the Pacific-Japan • The Battle of the Atlantic • Hitler ordered submarine raids along America’s east coast • Prevent food and war materials from reaching Britain & Russia • 7 months German wolf packs had destroyed a total of 681 Allied ships in the Atlantic • Allies organize cargo ships into convoys • Same as WWI

27. The Eastern Front and the Mediterranean • Battle of Stalingrad: Aug. 1942-Jan. 1943 • Stalingrad: a major industrial city on the Volga River • Soviets able to surround city trapping Germans inside the city • Soviets lost a total of 1.1 million soldiers…more than US total in WWII • After Stalingrad Soviets began and continued to move westward toward Germany • Stalingrad was turning point of the war

29. The North African Front • Stalin pleaded to open a “second front” in Western Europe…wanted an invasion across the English Channel…FDR and Churchill not confident to attempt an invasion on European soil • Operation Torch: an invasion of Axis-controlled North Africa commanded by American General Dwight D. Eisenhower…Nov. 1942 • Germany forces were led by General Rommel…known as the Desert Fox

32. The Italian Campaign • Churchill suggests attacking Italy • Allies capture Sicily in the summer of 1943 • Italian government forces Mussolini to resign • King Victor Emmanuel III had Mussolini arrested • Hitler was not going to give up Italy easily • Rather fight in Italy than on home soil • Allies defeat Axis at Anzio…Bloody Anzio • Not able to fully free Italy until 1945 when Germany itself was about to surrender

35. Heroes in Combat • 99th Pursuit Squadron (Tuskegee Airmen) • All-black pilots who fought in Italy • 92nd Infantry Division • African American unit that in 6 months of fighting won 7 Legion of Merit awards, 65 silver stars, and 162 Bronze Stars • 17 Mexican American soldiers were awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor • 100th Battalion • Consisted of 1,300 Hawaiian Nisei • Nisei: refers to American citizens whose parents had emigrated from Japan

37. The Allies Liberate Europe • Operation Overlord: plan to invade France and free Western Europe from the Nazis • American General Eisenhower • D-DAY: June 6, 1944 • Allies penetrated the beaches along the Normandy Coast…despite heavy losses they held the beachheads and began moving inland • Set up a huge phantom army with its own headquarters and equipment at Dover…Hitler thought they would attack at Calais…shortest distance across English Channel • General Bradley: unleashed massive air and land bombardment that opened a gap in the German line of defense that allowed General Patton and his Third Army to advance through • 2 days later Paris was liberated • By September 1944 Allies had freed France, Belgium, and Luxembourg • FDR is elected to a 4th Term in Nov. 1944…Harry Truman Vice

39. The Battle of the Bulge • In October 1944 Americans captured first German town, Aachen • Hitler responded with a desperate offensive • Hoped this move would split American and British troops and cut off supply lines • German tanks drove 60 miles into Allied territory creating a bulge • Germans captured 120 Americans…killed them • Battle lasted a month…Germans forced out of Allied territory • Didn’t seem like anything had changed • Germans lost men and equipment that they could not replace…now Germany could no longer go on the offensive

41. Liberation of the Death Camps • Soviets first to come upon a death camp • July 1944 came to Majdanek in Poland • SS guards worked hard to bury and burn all evidence • Soviets found a 1,000 starving prisoners barely alive and a storehouse containing 800,000 shoes • Americans would later find Death Camps…both Americans and Soviets were shocked at their findings • Unconditional Surrender • By April 1945 Soviet army had reached Berlin • Hitler Killed himself on April 30 in order to ovoid capture…he order his body and his wife's body to be burned • One week later Eisenhower accepted unconditional surrender of the Third Reich…May 8, 1945 Allies celebrated V-E Day-Victory in Europe Day • FDR did not live to see V-E Day • April 12, 1945 died from a stroke • Harry S. Truman became 33rd President

45. WWII in Europe

46. July 1944Russians liberate first death camp. April 1945Hitler commits suicide. February 2, 1943Germans surrender at Stalingrad. May 1944Battle of Anzio ends. May 1943Last of Afrika Korps surrenders. January 1945Germany loses Battle of the Bulge. December 22, 1941Churchill and Roosevelt meet. June 6, 1944Allies invade Normandy. May 8, 1945Germany surrenders. SECTION 2 The War for Europe and North Africa HOME 2 Section Assessment FOLLOWING CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER What were the major events influencing the fighting in Europe and Africa?

47. HYPOTHESIZING What do you think might have happened if the Nazis had defeated the Soviets at Stalingrad? THINK ABOUT • the military significance of a German victory • the psychological impact of a German loss SECTION 2 The War for Europe and North Africa HOME 2 Section Assessment

48. FORMING OPINIONS Do you agree with the decision by Roosevelt and Churchill to require unconditional surrender by the Axis Powers? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT • the advantages of defeating a foe decisively • the advantages of ending a war quickly • how other conflicts, such as the Civil War and World War I, ended SECTION 2 The War for Europe and North Africa HOME 2 Section Assessment

49. Learn About U.S. strategy in the Pacific. To Understand how the Allies defeated Japan and ended World War II. SECTION 3 The War in the Pacific HOME

50. SECTION 3 The War in the Pacific HOME Key Idea America wages an aggressive military campaign against Japan in the Pacific islands and finally ends the war.