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Materials with controlled porosity

Materials with controlled porosity. IUPAC definition of porous materials: Microporous: < 2 nm Mesoporous : 2-50 nm Macroporous: > 50 nm. Molecular dimension. Shape-selectivity Molecular sieves. microporous. ZEOLITES porosity is controlled by the crystalline structure

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Materials with controlled porosity

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  1. Materials with controlled porosity

  2. IUPAC definition of porous materials: • Microporous: < 2 nm • Mesoporous : 2-50 nm • Macroporous: > 50 nm Molecular dimension Shape-selectivity Molecular sieves

  3. microporous ZEOLITES porosity is controlled by the crystalline structure crystalline aluminosilicates used as catalysts for oil refining, petrolchemistry (e. g. catalytic cracking), and organic synthesis in the production of fine chemicals MFI MOR

  4. mesoporous SOL-GEL SYNTHESIS Synthetic approach: use of surfactant in the synthesis batch to form large pores MESOPORES AMORPHOUS SILICA WALLS C. T. Kresge et al., Nature, 1992, 359, 710-712

  5. This procedure is an example of nanotechnology, because structures of nanometric size are obtained surfactant molecules self-assembly spontaneously porosity is controlled by synthesis conditions, e.g. the length of the chain and the possible presence of swelling aromatics

  6. Temperature: 20-150 °C Surfactant: cationic (R’3RN+), neutral (EO20–PO70–EO20, RNH2), anionic (ROSO3-) R = CnH2n+1, n = 8-22 pH: acidic (HCl), basic (NaOH),  7 Surfactant removal: CALCINATION (500-600 °C) EXTRACTION ( < 100 °C) M41S* * Mobil materials

  7. The symmetry of the mesophase may affect the particles morphology

  8. High-resolution microscopy reveals the ordered array of uniform pores

  9. The mesophase symmetry may be revealed by X-ray diffraction at low angle cubic hexagonal lamellar ill-defined

  10. The mesoporosity may be revealed by N2 adsorption isotherm classification of hysteresis loops proposed by De Boer Adsorption isotherm of nitrogen on MCM-41 with 4.0 nm pores at 77 K

  11. Not only silicas… ►other sol-gel oxides (Al2O3, TiO2,…) ► replica materials by casting

  12. Ordered mesoporous silicas used as: • catalyst • sensors • hosts for immobilized molecules (enzymes) • hosts for mobile molecules (drug release) Catalytic and sensing behavior not dealt with in the present talk.

  13. Two topics ►formation of active species at the inner surface of pores: functionalization with organic moieties ► deposition of active species on the inner surface of pores: immobilization of enzymes

  14. In silica-based materials the surface may be covered by • Silanols (Si-OH) • Si-O-Si bridges • Physisorbed water • ►The amount and distribution of these species affect the hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of the surface • ►Si-OH species are reactive functionalities for the incorporation of catalytic active species D. Brunel, A. Cauvel, F. Di Renzo, F. Fajula, B. Fubini, B. Onida and E. Garrone, New J. Chem., 24 (2000) 807.

  15. Introduction of active species

  16. Frequently used alkylsilanes foranchoring molecules. These functional groups can also beused as active catalytic sites by themselves.

  17. Organic BASES anchored to MCM-41 surface Post-synthesis grafting Brunel et al. Catalysis Today 2629 (2002) 1–14

  18. Catalytic cycle during Knoevenagel condensation using MCM-41-grafted primary amine M. Laspéras, T. Llorett, L. Chaves, I. Rodriguez, A. Cauvel, D. Brunel, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 108 (1997) 75.

  19. (RO)4Si + remove R-Si(OR)3 template H2O+ surfactant R R R R R R R co-condensation route to surface tailoring:

  20. Organic ACID anchored to MESOPOROUS SILICA surface X = -SO3H, -COOH MOLECULAR SPECIES WHICH MAY BE INVESTIGATED BY VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY (VIBRATIONAL MODES!)

  21. Infrared spectroscopy Dosage of ammonia: study of the acidity and accessibility of –COOH species 7COOH-SBA-15 outgasssed at 473 K - C=O stretching mode peak decreases • two band appears at 1550 cm-1 and • 1407 cm-1, due respectively to • the asymmetric (νas) and symmetric • (νs) stretching vibration of the • carboxylate group –COO- Sonia Fiorilli et al., submitted, 2004

  22. Infrared spectroscopy Dosages of ammonia: study of the acidity and accessibility of –COOH species - a broad absorsorption due to NH4+deformation vibration at around 1456 cm-1 difference spectra with respect to background. NH3 strips the proton from –COOH to give carboxylate anion –COO- and ammonium ion (NH4+) Sonia Fiorilli et al., submitted, 2004

  23. ►formation of active species at the inner surface of pores: functionalization with organic moieties ► deposition of active species on the inner surface of pores: immobilization of enzymes

  24. S. Inagaki and coworkers, Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 3301-3305 Toyota Central R&D Laboratories Horseradish peroxidase

  25. 1,2-diaminobenzene oxidation, TBHP as oxidant

  26. ► the loading efficiency shows clear correlation with the porosity of silica support; ► when the average mesopores size just matches the molecular diameters of the enzyme, immobilized HRP exhibits the peak activity in an organic solvent and the best stability; ►enzyme immobilization with FSM-16 or MCM-41 having a suitable mesopore size would be useful for and applicable to industrial processes and other applications, especially certain environmentally useful enzymatic reactions such as the decomposition of lignin or dioxins.

  27. A. Corma, Chemical Review, 1997, Vol. 97, No. 6 A. Taguchi, F. Schüth, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 77 (2005), available on web

  28. The end

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