Describe What was life like in a medieval town?

2. Describe What was life like in a medieval town? • Answer(s): narrow winding streets; trash and waste in the street; smelly and smoky; lots of animals; places for people to socialize; plays and festivals; sports • This happens to be the perfect recipe for? • Would you want to live in a neighborhood like this one described above?

3. THE URBAN REBIRTH • Some old cities were revived. But new cities appeared, often near a castle or monastery, at crossroads or on a trade route. 1. New farming techniques resulted in less work for people. The peasants had to migrate to cities. 2. Cities offered peasants a better life, far away from the feudal lords. Here they could be free.

4. FUNCTION OF THE CITIES • Cities had several functions: -Religious: the cathedral was the main building -Political: cites were freed from the feudal lords and gained freedom, the Town Hall was in charge of the city. -Economical: cities were the centerof commerce, the main point of exchanges was the Market square.

5. Many towns with few residents, but grew quickly Walled, gated Town center with church, town hall, market, Guild quarters Waste, poor sanitation system Fires are a problem Epidemics What’s good about towns? Ideas, could make money, entertainment Cultural diffusion Major trade & travel markets Education centers Away from the oppressive lords & manor. Town Life

6. Assignment #1: Urban Growth Simply read pp. 327-328 and then copy the chart – (nothing else). List the factors that contributed to the decline of serfdom in the left column.

8. The decline of serfdom =/or meant what?

9. The gradual end to the Medieval Age and connecting parts, like: • Feudalism – forced to remain/stuck on the land (the Crusades forever changed that – curiosity of the world was the name of the game). • Manor System • Barter System • Decentralized governments

10. Unchecked lawlessness – the rise of powerful kings/emperors along with centralized governments would put an end to that. • As kings gained power with trade (which gave them more wealth/bullion), the power of the Catholic Church gradually declined. • Traditionalism – people were interested in various new things (unlike the Middle Ages, cultural diffusion was welcomed). • Education = power.

11. Assignment #1: Discuss the following questions amongst your group members, and answer it as a group: • Imagine you lived during the Middle Ages and use the barter system. Over time, people begin using money instead.  • Consider how the following individuals would be affected by change to the market economy. • A peasant, a clergy (church official), merchant, & a king • Who would benefit from this change? Why? • Who would be negatively affected? Why? Each individual is responsible for scribing (writing down) each response in his/her notebooks.

12. Share out!

13. Compare & Contrast: Barter System vs. Market System • What comes to mind? (see pp. 324-325): • When you see: Barter System • When you see: Market System

14. Compare & Contrast: Barter System vs. Market System • What comes to mind? • When you see: Barter System • Goods exchanged for other goods • No money being used • Fairs where goods/services were traded • Used during Middle Ages • When you see: Market System • Manufacturing • Mass trade & travel • Using money/Bullion • Controlled by one person • Domestic system—to complete a project, each task is completed by one person

15. When you see: Barter System (p. 325). Exchange between close associates & family members • Goods & services exchanged for other goods & services • Most people were broke… did not have much use for ($$/bullion). Lived on a self-sufficient manor. No need to conduct much trade. When people did trade, was done on a local level, trading a good &/or service for another good &/or service. • Manor system & Feudalism: living off the land. People ate what they grew – grew what they ate. • Traditional/close-knit society. Did not know much about the “outside” world. Why? Rarely traded – too dangerous. • Rarely used monetary funds ($$/bullion).

16. When you see: Market System (see p. 326): Think - would you go to the market (corner store) with goods/promise of service or $$ to purchase what you need? • Use capital [wealth earned, saved, and invested for profit] for goods & services • Birth [genesis] of early modern capitalism = $$/bullion is key in society. Think of America’s form economic system. • Demand & supply – Higher the demand, he higher the supply and prices. Think in terms of apple products… in high demand = worth a lot $$. • Creation of banks, investments, paper and coin notes/$$. • Played a huge role in growth of trade = investments.

17. The Market System alongside long distance trade to Asia, Near East [middle east] and the far east were very, very important in the development of towns/cities [urban areas] See pp. 327 – 28. • With the development of the Market System and the creation or urban areas, while the barter system was still used, capital/$$ became much more important, especially to merchants & kings.

18. Assignment #3 (see pp. 327 – 328): 1. In an era where such things as formal or public education was basically non-existent, and only high ranking church officials &/or the rich/nobles were afforded any kind of education, what measures did common folks take to educate themselves, by way of learning a practical trade/profession and grow as a community?

19. Guild - Gave Rise to the Middle Class* 1. =the group between nobles & peasants Nobles (upper class): kings, lords, vassals=rich landownersMiddle Class=(merchants, artisans=Guild Members) Peasants/Serfs (lower class) P #

20. 2. Role of Guilds* (for merchants & artisans) a. Early labor unions b. Example: Free Masons (stone workers) c. Provided insurance & benefits 3. Becoming a Guild Member:

21. Guilds • Guilds were established to gain higher wages for their members and protect them from competitors. As the guilds grew rich and powerful, they built guildhalls and began taking an active role in civic affairs, setting up courts to settle disputes and punish wrongdoers.

22. Masons • While a guild for just about every profession existed, of all the craftsmen, the masons were the highest paid and most respected. They were, after all, responsible for building the cathedrals, hospitals, universities, castles, and guildhalls.

24. Assignment #4: What was the Bubonic Plague (Black Death?)(see pp. 329 – 330)- Explore the: - economic, political, social, & religious aspects.

25. The Spread of the Black Death (See the map on p. 329).Now, based on the map, what assessments can be made surrounding the plagued? Where did it spread the most? Why?

26. The Path of the Plague • Traveled on trade routes and caravans • Generally from south to north • And east to west • Passing through • Italy • France • England • Germany • Denmark • Sweden • Poland • Finland • Greenland

27. The origins of the disease

28. The Path of the Plague • Erupted in Gobi Desert, late 1320’s • Epidemic in Europe in 6th century but dormant since then • Reached the shores of Italy in 1348 • Spread in every direction, primarily westward • Lasted 3 years

29. Closure: Actively read the packet surrounding the Bubonic Plague (individually, students will review slides 29-48 as a handout/packet).1. Prepare to respond to a list questions.

30. Closure: Actively read the packet surrounding the Bubonic Plague (individually, students will review slides 29-48) • What did you learn about the Bubonic Plague? • What conclusions can we make as we carefully assess the causes & long-term impacts. • What does this “historical episode” say about Medieval Europeans and their comprehension of diseases – both causes and effects, and in terms of dealing with epidemics like the “Black Death?” • What role did the “growth of towns” play in the rapid spread & death of over 1/3 of the inhabitants throughout Western Europe? • Do you think a similar epidemic may have similar outcomes/impact on contemporary American society? Why, or why not? If any, what might the president, other leaders, and medical professionals recommend/do differentially?

31. Plague/Black Death: • Took out 54 million • 1/3 of population wiped out • Defining event(s) of the Middle Ages • Spread by fleas which lived on rats • A lack of cleanliness added to their vulnerability: crowded with poor sanitation; ate stale or diseased meat; primitive medicine (people were often advised to not bathe b/c open skin pores might let in the disease). • Highly contagious disease nodules would burst around the area of the flea bite. In 1347, Italian merchant ships returned from the Black Sea, one of the links along the trade route between Europe and China. Many of the sailors were already dying of the plague, and within days the disease had spread from the port cities to the surrounding countryside. The disease spread as far as England within a year.

32. Economies failed as the cost of labor soared and inflation occurred. People revolted and social unrest became the norm for 100 years. The plague was spread by fleas carried by rats. When plague struck, normal life broke down. People fled cities, hid in their homes, turned to witchcraft, and blamed Jews.

33. The Rat Flea • The flea drinks rat’s blood • The bacteria multiplies inside the flea • The flea’s stomach is blocked • The flea is very hungry • The flea voraciously bites a host = a human • The flea is unable to satisfy its hunger • The flea continues to feed • Infected blood carrying the plague bacteria is flowing into the human’s wound • The rat dies • The flea dies of starvation • The human dies

34. Symptoms of the Plague • The plague began with headache and fever, along with chills, nausea, vomiting, and stiffness. • Within a day or two, the swellings appeared. They were hard, painful, burning lumps on his neck, under his arms, on his inner thighs. Soon they turned black, split open, and began to ooze pus and blood. They may have grown to the size of an orange.

35. Efforts to stop the Plague • Scents - incense and aromatic oils • Sound – church bells • Sound – cannons • Talismans • Here: burial in coffins

36. Efforts to stop the Plague • Quarantine was the best method • Avoiding the sick • The wealthy fled to the countryside (Isaac Newton) • Pope Clement VI in Avignon sat between two large fires to breathe pure air. The plague bacillus is destroyed by heat, so this worked!

37. Popular Medical “Cures”for the Plague • Doctors wore strange costumes • Bathing in human urine • Wearing excrement • Placing dead animals in homes • Wearing leeches • Drinking molten gold and powdered emeralds • Burning incense to get rid of the smell of the dead A costume worn by doctors to ward off the Plague

38. Impact of the Black Plague - Economy • Outlawed large-scale fishing •  Some monarchs instituted measures that prohibited exports of foods •  Set price control on grains • Caused a recession in the European Economy • Peasants had more job opportunities due to population drop • Surviving workers had benefit after the plague •  Changed economy from self-regulated to government controlled Black Death caused a major drop in population which altered the economy

39. SOCIOECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE BLACK DEATH • Fewer workers = more jobs = higher pay • More buying of luxuries: • Less people in families to share inheritance • People scared could die at any time

40. Impact of the Black Plague - Political • Depopulation caused by plague weakened peasants holdings • Authorities tried to stop the rising price of labor by setting limits • Political failure, war, and the disease set up the scene for tragedy The Black Death killed off many political ties between peasant and noble

41. Impact of the Black Plague - Social • Europeans that were isolated were safer • Monks and priests were heavily affected • Treated victims of plague • Had little to no knowledge of plague • Many attacks against Jewish communities • No explanation; needed scapegoats • Thought plague was God's rage •  Hundred Years' War devastated Europe even further The killing and destruction of scapegoats was very common in the time of the plague.

42. Impact of the Black Plague - Religion • People believed that the plague was an act of god's wrath • Many lost faith • People believed Flagellants were helping more than religious leaders • Their efforts actually hurt more than they helped • Jews were blamed for the outbreak and attacked • Pope Clement IV granted remission of sins to all who died in the Black Plague Many prayed for the loss of their loved ones

43. EFFECTS ON MEDIEVAL PSYCHE • Doubting the Church • Shook confidence in the Church • Couldn’t get God’s assistance for the people • Even clergy dying of Plague • Obsession with Death • Physical death became closer, presence of sudden painful death • Pessimism/preoccupation with death • Leads to fascination with death because daily sight in the streets • Elaborate funerals and single graves • Mood of decay and death in art

44. Religious Consequences • Persecutions of the Jews – scapegoats • Massacres and burnings • By 1351, 60 major and 150 smaller Jewish communities had been exterminated • Lepers were also targeted • Jews expelled, moved to Poland & Lithuania

45. There's a set outift...? • Black Plague doctors of the time had an outfit • Doctors usually were spreaders of disease • Produced places for fleas to spread • Ironically more harm than worth • Wide-brimmed hat close to the head • Primitive gas mask that looks like crow mask • Long and black overcoat • Wooden cane • Leather breeches  (to protect legs from disease)

46. Flagellants • Became very popular during Black Plague • Believed the plague was due to god's wrath • Traveled from town to town and beat themselves to represent the sufferings of Jesus and to pay for the sins of the rest of the world • Citizens began to believe that the Flagellants were more effective than church leaders • They were more harm then help Flagellants whipping themselves in order to show the sufferings of Jesus

47. How it ended the Middle Ages • Less serfs (peasants) for work --> increased labor prices • Landlords unhappy • No choice but to pay serfs more money • People could soon buy themselves from serfdom • Many new revolts occurred • In accordance to money • Workers felt they deserved more A painting of a serf that is working the fields of a manor. Many uprisings occurred because of situations such as these.

48. Consequences for Populations • Approx. 25 million deaths in Europe • Between one third and one half of European population died 1348-1350 • 25% of villages depopulated • 45-75% of Florence died in one year • In Venice, 60% died over 18 months

49. And Now? • The bubonic Plague still exists • Conduct your own research. Don’t take my word for it. • Quite common among rodent populations • A cure is known today – but the disease moves very quickly • The Plague is still with us