Section II: Change in Eastern Europe (Pages 468-472)

This section is about: How nationalism influenced the Greek and Serbian peoples to fight for independence. How Russia’s involvement in Eastern Europe caused the Crimean War. How Russia’s czars in the 1800’s ruled their country. Section II: Change in Eastern Europe(Pages 468-472) C

We’ve been in Western Europe for a while – now we’re moving a little. Look at the map on page 468 And, look at the definitions on 468 – especially the first. Why we’re looking at this is on page 472 (on the bottom): Critical Thinking. What do you think? C

Nationalism ideas spread in Europe in the 1800’s. So did ideas of self-determination. It’s exactly what it says it is: a belief that people have the right to decide their own form of government. Change in Eastern EuropeNationalism Leads to Revolt 1 C

In the early 1800’s, the Ottoman Empire is big (map on 468). It includes parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Europe (the Balkans). They had two problems in the 1800’s: The Sultans no longer controlled all the provinces. Ideas of nationalism were spreading among the people of the Balkans. …………….. The Ottoman Empire and the Balkans C

The Balkans had many nation-states with different languages, cultures, and histories (Greece, Albania, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Bulgaria). • And, they had Muslims (and Christians and Jews - who were denied some rights by the Sultans). C

1804/1817: the first Balkan (Serbs) revolts against the Ottoman. They lost both times. 1829: Serbs were finally given limited self-rule. They started to have a “sense of identity.” Trouble in Serbia and the Balkans C

1821: The Greeks had a rebellion. Their leaders reminded their people the ancient Greeks came up with the idea of democracy. Europe also went along with these ideas and backed them up (with money , some ships, and even some people who went and fought). By 1830, Greece was an independent kingdom – and other nations had hope that they would soon be too. European countries started taking over the Balkan peninsula (the Ottomans were too weak to stop them). Russia, Austria, Great Britain, and France all planned to take more Ottoman lands. Greek Independence 2 C

By the 1850’s Russia was huge power in Europe. France and Great Britain (also world powers) were worried Russia would try and get even more power and control. As the Russians and the Ottomans battled for power, France and Great Britain sometimes sided with the Russians, and sometimes the Ottomans, depending on the circumstances. Sometimes they just remained neutral (not taking a side). Russia’s Involvement Grows C

Russia wanted the lands along the Danube River (giving the access to the Mediterranean Sea). In 1853, the Crimean War was fought over these lands. It was Great Britain, France, Sardinia (Italy) against the Russians in an area called Crimea. It was a brutal war, with cold weather, illness, and malnutrition. It was so bad they set up “field hospitals” (one of the nurses who helped was named Florence Nightingale). By 1856, there was a peace treaty and Russia was stopped (at least for the time). The Crimean War 3 4 C

And who had the right to guard the key to Bethlehem’s Church of the Nativity An early dispute of the Crimean War was over religion and the Holy Lands of Palestine C

The Crimean War was the first to be covered by newspaper photographers and correspondents. So people could see soldiers were suffering and wanted to help – by sending nurses among other help. The American Civil War is about the same time – a lot of American women wanted to be like Florence Nightingale and help the soldiers. Up until that time, men had been acting as nurses. Florence Nightingale C

In 1867, The Bulgarians and Balkans revolted against the Ottomans. Russia also saw it as an opportunity to fight the Ottomans. This time, European nations stayed neutral. Without help, the Ottomans lost and Russia took control of many Balkan states. Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro became independent. France, Germany, and Austria thought Russia had too much power, so they had a meeting to “negotiate.” Russia lost most of the lands it wanted. It was said they “won the war but lost the peace.” ……………………. The Russo-Turkish War of 1867 5 C

Czar Alexander I ruled Russia from 1801-1825. It was a time when the czars had total power and didn’t do much to help the regular people. But Alexander I: re-organized the government. expanded the education system. limited the use of the secret police. He later changed his mind and became a little more conservative (especially after the Congress of Vienna), but he did make some changes. Russia Faces Other Problems 6 C

Alexander I died suddenly and his brothers (Constantine and Nicholas each said the other should be the new czar. In the confusion, a group of army officers (Decembrists) tried to take over - and demanded a constitution. But it had already been decided Nicholas I would be czar. The army officers would not give in, did battle with the regular troops and lost. Anyone who survived “were dealt with.” …………………. Czar Nicholas I 7 C

Czar Nicholas I was a reactionary – he was against change. • He started a special police to watch for groups who might be against the government. • Anyone with liberal ideas was arrested. • Nicholas I censored newspapers and textbooks. • He banned any writing which disagreed with the government. • He limited university attendance and class subjects. • He refused to listen to any complaints from the serfs. C

Nicholas I died in 1855. His son became Czar: Alexander II. He believed in reforms. He began trials with juries. He expanded the railway system. Most important: he agreed he would end serfdom. They’d be able to buy land and pay for it gradually. But it didn’t work. Too many serfs went too deeply into debt and things got even worse. In 1881, he was assassinated, succeeded by his son, Alexander III, and later by Nicholas II (both conservative rulers who resisted change). Reforms of Alexander II 8 C

This is the last slide for today Make sure page "C" is completed C

Section II: Change in Eastern Europe (Pages 468-472)