Last class Farm and food problems: the development paradox and structural transformation Today

1. AGEC 640Agricultural Development and PolicyThursday, Sept. 4, 2014 • Last class • Farm and food problems: the development paradox and structural transformation • Today • Mouths to feed, farmers to employ: population growth and demographic transition • Next week: farm households’ response

2. Last class: • broad diversity of policy problems and policy actions, but also • strong regularities (“stylized facts”): • the development paradox, from taxing to subsidizing farmers • the structural transformation, from farm to nonfarm activity • Today: • a key driver (from outside, exogenousto agriculture) is demography: • the demographic transition • from large to small families • high to low death rates and birth rates • high to low fraction of people who are children • …and other corresponding changes Drivers of Change:Population growth and economic transformation

3. Demographic transition A pattern of steadily increasing population growth, followed by aperiod of slowing population growth.Generally indicated as an S-shaped curve for population through time.

4. Frank Notestein (b. 1945) Three stages of population growth 1. High growth potential 2. Transitional growth 3. Incipient decline we might add… 4. Sustained decline? ? 3 2 1 4

5. 1. High growth potential Pre-industrialBirth rate high (25-40/1000)Death rate highLife expectancy shortPopulation growth low but positiveWidespread misery

6. 2. Transitional growth Early industrialBirth rate remains high (or rises!)Death rate low and fallingLife expectancy risesPopulation growth “explosive”Mortality declines before fertility dueto better health, nutrition, and sanitation

7. 3. Incipient decline IndustrialBirth rate drops due to desires to limit family sizeDeath rate low and stableLife expectancy highPopulation grows until birth rate = death rateCharacterized by higher levels of wealth and reduced need for large families for labor or insurance. Also driven by female empowerment, female education and female labor market participation.

8. A Stylized Model* of Demographic Transition The gap between birth and death rates is the population’s “rate of natural increase” (≈ population growth) CDR = crude death rate CBR = crude birth rate * In what sense is this a model?

9. An actual demographic transition Sweden’s population growth rate peaked at about 1.5% per year, in the late 19th century

10. A different demographic transition Mauritius’ peak pop. growth rate was over 3%/year, twice that of Sweden, because its death rate fell so fast…

11. A third kind of transition Mexico’s peak population growth was even faster, because its birth rate fell slowly…

12. Message: Birth rates > death rates, country is still in stage 2 of the demographic transition

13. Birth and death rates depend in part on age structure and “population momentum”

14. A very young age structure:the population pyramid for Nigeria1980, 2000, 2020 Reprinted from www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb.

15. A later stage of demographic transition:population pyramids for Indonesia1980, 2000, 2020 Reprinted from www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb. Indonesia has a much more “mature” population pyramid than Nigeria

16. The final stage of demographic transition:population pyramids for the United States1980, 2000, 2020 Reprinted from www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb. The population “ages”, with continued echoes of the post-WWII baby boom

17. The lower-income regions have had a later (and much faster!) demographic transition

18. Africa’s pop. growth has been of unprecedented speed and duration, but is now slowing

19. 100 90 80 70 60 No. of children (0-14) per 100 adults (15-59) 50 40 30 20 10 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 E. Asia S. Asia Sub-Sah. Africa Whole World Africa’s child dependency has been similarly unprecedented, and is now improving Source: UN Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2000 Revision (http://esa.un.org/unpp)

20. Explaining the demographic transition What can account for the patterns we’ve seen, including especially the late and rapid demographic growth and child dependency in poor regions? Will look first at mortality decline, then fertility decline…

21. Explaining the mortality decline (UK data) General improvements in: overall well-being education female literacy diet, water and sanitationNot, medical breakthroughs…!

22. Explaining the mortality decline (US data)

23. The age structure of mortality decline

24. The HIV/AIDS tragedy

25. Explaining the fertility decline: social policies Source: K. Sundstrom. “Can governments influence population growth?” OECD Observer, December 2001, p. 35.

26. Explaining the fertility decline: infant mortality The fertility decline lags substantially the drop in IM

27. Conclusions on population growth and the demographic transition • Much popular understanding about population growth turns out to be wrong. • In fact, over time and across countries: • population growth starts with a fall in child mortality, which raises population growth because a fertility decline happens later • the temporary burst of population growth involves a rise and then fall in the fraction of people who are children • these changes are similar in all countries, but in today’s poor countries they occurred later and faster, with larger magnitude over shorter time period than occurred historically elsewhere • How does demographic transition affect agriculture?

28. What happens to the number of farmers? Slide 28

29. What happens to the number of farmers? • Initially, farmers are much poorer than non-farmers • less capital/worker, lower skills, less specialized this means agriculture is the “residual” employer…(what is the opportunity cost of labor?) The annual change in the number of farmers depends on: growth in the total population growth in nonfarm employment

30. Some arithmetic of structural transformation • If we divide the total workforce into farmers and nonfarmers: • Lf = Lt– Ln (Li=no. of workers in sector i) • And solve for the growth rate of the number of farmers as a function of growth in total and non-farm employment, we see that size of the sectors matters a lot: • %Lf = (%Lt – [%Ln•Sn]) / (Sf) (Si=share of workers in i) • In poor countries, even if non-farm employment grows much faster than the total workforce, the number of farmers may still rise quickly:

31. The number of farmers rises then falls… until farmers’ incomes catch up to nonfarm earnings The “textbook” picture of structural transformation within agriculture: farm numbers stabilized by off-farm income and rising profits per acre; latest census shows slight rise in no. of farms Figure 5-3. Number and average size of farms in the United States, 1900-2002.

32. In very rich countries, the number of farmers does not keep falling to zero! • In an economics model of occupational choice, farmers would move to nonfarm work if it offers higher incomes; • recall the “Harris-Todaro” story… • An equilibrium at which the number of farmers stays constant would offer equal farm and nonfarm earnings: Wageoff-farm = Earningson-farm = Profits/acre x acres/hour • Thus, you can have no change in the number of farmers IF • profits/acre or • acres/hour rise fast enough to keep up with off-farm wages

33. In the world as a whole, the number of farmers has just peaked and will soon decline

34. Regions differ sharply in their population growth rates Source: Calculated from FAOStat data (www.fao.org).

35. Cities are growing much faster than total population Source: Calculated from FAOStat data (www.fao.org).

36. …but cities are still too small to absorb all population growth, especially in S. Asia and Africa Source: Reprinted from W.A. Masters, 2005. “Paying for Prosperity: How and Why to Invest in Agricultural R&D in Africa.” Journal of International Affairs 58(2): 35-64.

37. Conclusions on economic growth and structural transformation As incomes grow… • Farming declines as a fraction of the economy • in favor of industry and services • even within agriculture • Farmers’ incomes at first decline relative to others • but then farm incomes catch up… • until farm incomes equal or pass non-farm incomes • The number of farmers first rises and then falls • speed depends on both population and income growth • eventually the number of farmers stabilizes • in the future, the number may even rise!

38. More conclusions… • Demographic transition and structural transformation interact, causing a rise & then fall in the number of farmers • Today’s developing countries have had very fast decline in death rates, leading to unprecedented speed of change; • With small shares of the population in nonfarm employment, this led to unprecedented rural population growth and declines in land available per farmer. • The rural effect is compounded by shift in age structure: • first, more children/adult (the “demographic burden”), • then, more child-bearing women (“population momentum”), • then more working-age adults (the “demographic gift”) • These are powerful drivers of change in agriculture and in agricultural policy, but occur slowly and are often ignored!