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Invasions of Red and Green : The Tree of Life. Nicola Patron

Invasions of Red and Green : The Tree of Life. Nicola Patron. Endo sym biosis Inner Together Living. ‘Cells Inside of Cells’ theory to explain organelles Konstantin Mereschkowsky 1905 Ivan Emanuel Wallin 1920 Lynn Margulis 1966. Endo sym biosis Inner Together Living.

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Invasions of Red and Green : The Tree of Life. Nicola Patron

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  1. Invasions of Red and Green:The Tree of Life. Nicola Patron

  2. Endo sym biosisInner Together Living ‘Cells Inside of Cells’ theory to explain organelles Konstantin Mereschkowsky 1905 Ivan Emanuel Wallin 1920 Lynn Margulis 1966

  3. Endo sym biosisInner Together Living 1980’s - sequencing of mitochondria & chloroplast genomes transformed the Tree of Life

  4. Tree of Lifepre-endosymbiotic theory

  5. cyanobacterium alpha- proteobacterium chloroplasts mitochondria Tree of LifeWithendosymbiotic branches

  6. Birth of an OrganelleThe chloroplast

  7. Birth of an OrganellePhylogenetic legacy

  8. PLANTS Birth of an OrganellePhylogenetic legacy

  9. EndosymbiosisChloroplasts • HOW MANY? • WHEN? • HOW? • WHY?

  10. EndosymbiosisHow many? lineages with plastid-like endosymbionts are found all over the Eukaryotic tree of life …

  11. x1= 1-1.5 billion yrs Rodriguez-Ezpeleta (2005) Primary endosymbiosis x? x2 Secondary endosymbioses

  12. Fast et al 2001 Yoon et al 2002 Harper et al 2003 Patron et al 2004 Rodriguez-Ezpeleta et al 2007 Patron et al 2007 Hackett et al 2007

  13. EndosymbiosisChloroplasts • HOW MANY? • WHEN? • HOW? • WHY?

  14. EndosymbiosisHow? • Reduction of the symbiont genome • Targeting of proteins to plastid

  15. EndosymbiosisGenome Reduction • Prokaryotes (primary) vs • Eukaryotes (secondary) Cyanobacterium

  16. EndosymbiosisGenome Reduction Host genome (eukaryotic) Nucleomorph genome (eukaryotic) In periplastidial space Plastid genome (prokaryotic) Mitochondrial genome (prokaryotic)

  17. EndosymbiosisProtein Import Prokaryotes (primary) vs Eukaryotes (secondary) membranes membranes Cyanobacterium (1998) (1980)

  18. Multiple membranes and an analysis of the diversity of plastid-types have changed the paradigm for protein import Patron et al 2005 Steiner et al 2002 Durnford & Gray 2006 Ralph et al 2004 Patron et al 2005 Reviewed Patron & Waller 2007 BioEssays Armbrust et al 2004 Rogers et al 2004 Patron et al 2006 Gould et al 2006

  19. EndosymbiosisChloroplasts • HOW MANY? • WHEN? • HOW? • WHY?

  20. EndosymbiosisWhy? driven by the need for a constant supply of energy (sugar)

  21. Recent EndosymbiosisCorals & Dinoflagellates Gorgonian Coral Port Phillip Bay • A chance to study the early events of symbiosis: • Transport of sugar and metabolites • Gene transfer? • Specificity of relationship • Relationship failures (bleaching) Anemone, Vanuatu Bleached Anemone

  22. EndosymbiosisChloroplasts • HOW MANY? • WHEN? • HOW? • WHY?

  23. Ocean Land Thank You Global Chlorophyll Levels

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