1 / 61

CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER 6. Skeletal System. Skeletal System. Human skeleton consists of 206 bones Serves as support ing framework of body Protects vital internal organs Important role in movement = attachments for muscles Reservoir for storing minerals Red bone marrow = blood cell formation.

shel
Download Presentation

CHAPTER 6

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. CHAPTER 6 Skeletal System

  2. Skeletal System • Human skeleton consists of 206 bones • Serves as supporting framework of body • Protects vital internal organs • Important role in movement = attachments for muscles • Reservoir for storing minerals • Red bone marrow = blood cell formation

  3. Bone Structure • Diaphysis • Main shaft-like portion of a long bone • Compact bone • Epiphysis • Located at each end of a long bone • Epiphyseal line • Separates diaphysis from epiphysis

  4. Bone Structure • Periosteum • Covers the surface of the long bone • Articular cartilage • Covers joint surfaces

  5. Bone Structure • Medullary (marrow) cavity • Contains yellow marrow • Spongy bone (trabeculae) • Also called cancellous bone

  6. Bone Structure • Red bone marrow • Site for blood cell production • Yellow marrow • Stores fat

  7. Bone Structure

  8. Question The bony skeleton serves many purposes EXCEPT: • structure • movement • digestion • red cell production

  9. Question True or False: To keep epiphysis and diaphysis straight, remember that epi- means outermost and dia- means through.

  10. Bone Markings • Bone markings = specific features of bones • Enlargements that extend out from the bone • Openings within the bone • Hollow regions within the bone • Points of attachment for muscles and tendons • Points for joining one bone to another • Cavities and passages for nerves and blood vessels

  11. Bone Depressions • Concave areas or openings in a bone • Help form joints • Serve as points of attachment for muscle • Sulcus • Groove or depression in a bone • Example = fissure

  12. Bone Depressions • Sinus • Opening or hollow space in a bone • Example = frontal sinus • Fossa • Hollow or shallow concave depression in bone • Example = fossa of the iliac (hip) bone

  13. Bone Depressions • Foramen • Hole within a bone for blood vessels or nerves to pass through • Example = foramen magnum of the skull

  14. Question What do you think passes through the foramen magnum ("great hole") on the underside of the skull? • neck muscles • spinal cavity • ball-and-socket joint • aorta

  15. Cranial Bones • Cranium = bony skull • Envelops brain • Composed of eight bones • Immovable bones • Borders meet to form immovable joints • Immovable joints = sutures

  16. Cranial Bones

  17. Facial Bones • Two bones provide distinctive shape to face • Maxillae (upper jaw bones) • Mandible (lower jaw bone) • All facial bones connected by immovable joints (sutures) • One exception (mandible)

  18. Facial Bones

  19. Question True or False: The immovable joints in the skull and face are called fissures.

  20. Vertebral Bones • Form long axis of the body • Referred to as spinal column or backbone • 24 vertebrae + sacrum + coccyx • Offer protection to spinal cord

  21. Vertebral Bones • Cervical vertebrae • Vertebrae of the neck (cervic/o = neck) • Identified as C1 - C7 • Thoracic vertebrae • Vertebrae of the chest (thorac/o = chest) • Identified as T1 - T12

  22. Vertebral Bones • Lumbar vertebrae • Vertebrae of lower back (lumb/o = lower back, loins) • Identified as L1 - L5

  23. Vertebral Bones • Sacrum • Singular, triangular shaped bone • Resulted from fusion of five individual sacral bones in the child • Coccyx • Also called “tailbone” • Resulted from fusion of four individual coccygeal bones in the child

  24. Question True or False: The first three segments of the vertebral column are named by their corresponding body position.

  25. Bones of the Thorax • True ribs (ribs 1-7) • Attach to sternum in front and vertebrae in back • False ribs (ribs 8-10) • Attach to vertebrae in back but attach to cartilage of 7th rib in front – not the sternum • Floating ribs (ribs 11-12) • Attach to vertebrae in back • Completely free of attachment in front

  26. Bones of the Upper Extremities

  27. Pelvic Bones

  28. Bones of the Lower Extremities • Femur • Thigh bone • Patella • Knee bone or kneecap

  29. Bones of the Lower Extremities • Tibia • Larger and stronger of the two lower leg bones • Fibula • More slender of the two lower leg bones

  30. Bones of the Ankle and Foot • Ankle bones (tarsals) • Calcaneus • Talus bone • Foot bones • Metatarsals • Phalanges

  31. Question The false ribs connect to the cartilage of rib number ____ instead of the sternum. • 7 • 11 • 1 • 9

  32. Question The carpals are to the wrist as the _______ are to the ankle. • phalanges • tarsals • metatarsals • metacarpals

  33. PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS Skeletal System

  34. Osteomalacia • Pronounced • (oss-tee-oh-mah-LAY-she-ah) • Defined • Abnormal softening of the bones due to a deficiency of calcium and phosphorus in the blood, which are necessary for bone mineralization

  35. Osteomyelitis • Pronounced • (oss-tee-oh-my-ell-EYE-tis) • Defined • A local or generalized infection of the bone and bone marrow • Resulting from a bacterial infection that has spread to the bone tissue through the blood

  36. Osteoporosis • Pronounced • (oss-tee-oh-poh-ROW-sis) • Defined • Porous bones • Bones that were once strong become fragile due to loss of bone density

  37. Osteoporosis

  38. Question True or False: Osteoporosis and osteomalacia are describing the same problem, but one is more severe than the other.

  39. Ewing’s Sarcoma • Pronounced • (YOO-wings sar-KOH-mah) • Defined • Malignant tumor of the bones common to young adults, particularly adolescent boys

  40. Osteogenic Sarcoma • Pronounced • (oss-tee-oh-JEN-ic sar-KOH-mah) • Defined • Malignant tumor arising from bone • Also known as osteosarcoma

  41. Osteochondroma • Pronounced • (oss-tee-oh-kon-DROH-mah) • Defined • Most common benign bone tumor • Most frequently involves the femur and tibia

  42. Paget’s Disease • Pronounced • (PAJ-ets dih-ZEEZ) • Defined • Nonmetabolic disease of the bone • Characterized by excessive bone destruction and unorganized bone formation by the osteoblasts • Bone is weak and prone to fractures

  43. Spinal Stenosis • Pronounced • (SPIGH-nal stin-OH-sis) • Defined • Narrowing of the vertebral canal, nerve root canals, or intervertebral foramina • Openings of the lumbar spinal canal • Causes pressure on nerve roots prior to their exit from the foramina

  44. Talipes Equinovarus • Pronounced • (TAL-ih-peez eh-kwine-oh-VAIR-us) • Defined • Clubfoot

  45. Talipes Equinovarus Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

  46. Question If chondr- means cartilage, what do you think the term osteochondroma literally means? • cartilaginous tumor of the bone • bony tumor of the cartilage • tumor of bone or cartilage • tumor of bone and cartilage

  47. Abnormal Curvature of the Spine • Kyphosis • Outward curvature = humpback or hunchback • Lordosis • Inward curvature = swayback • Scoliosis • Lateral (sideward) curvature

  48. Abnormal Curvature of the Spine

  49. Fracture: Broken Bone • Closed fracture • Break in the bone but no open wound in skin • Simple fracture • Open fracture • Break in the bone, as well as an open wound in skin • Compound fracture

  50. Fracture: Broken Bone • Complete fracture • Break extends through the entire thickness of bone • Incomplete fracture • One side of bone is broken and one side of bone is bent considerably but not broken • Greenstick fracture

More Related