Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic Mälardalen University School of Innovation, Design and Engineering

1. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING CDT409 Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic Mälardalen University School of Innovation, Design and Engineering

2. Ethics, Privacy and Civil Liberties

3. Ethics of Computing Ethics, Values and Practices – Why is it Important? Agency implies making choices, which is related to preferences. Questions of identity in a digital universe.

4. Privacy Privacy is a fundamental human right recognized in all major international agreements regarding human rights such as Article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations, 1948).

5. Privacy protection vs. Surveillance The four basic features of computing technology that makes it unprecedented tools for monitoring and surveillance: • Searching, • Sorting, • Storage • Simulation

6. Privacy protection vs. Surveillance Disappearance of boundaries between private and public/professional life: • ubiquitous computing • ambiental intelligence

7. Legislation Privacy and Human Rights Report Personal Information must be: • obtained fairly and lawfully • used only for the original specified purpose • adequate, relevant and not excessive to purpose • accurate and up to date, and • destroyed after its purpose is completed

8. Legislation • The Council of Europe's 1981 Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to the Automatic Processing of Personal Data • The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's Guidelines Governing the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Data Flows of Personal Data

9. Why Value Privacy? Privacy and Democracy In intruding on privacy, which is closely related to freedom and autonomy, surveillance can be considered to have, ultimately, a negative effect on democracy. A Privacy Culture Whether or not privacy is protected by law or contract, fostering a culture where privacy is valued and respected contributes to healthy human relations.

10. Legitimacy by Design and Trustworthy Computing The first phase of the intentional design for democracy is the explication of the embedded moral significance of ICT while the next is the development of the corresponding technology (Yu and Cysneiros, 2002).

11. Legitimacy by Design and Trustworthy Computing • Trust must be established in the use of ICT, where both users and the technology will be trustworthy. • This in the first place presupposes the informed consent of all the parties involved. • This trust must be established globally because the data contained in networked computers virtually knows no boundaries.

12. Some common uses of data about people Public Information Business Transactions Birth Certificates Mail Orders Driver Licenses Telephone Orders Car Registrations Subscriptions Property Records Donations Marriage License Credit Cards Census Records Warranty Cards Telephone Directories Tattslotto, ... Consumer Surveys Accounts Payments Passports Visas

13. Ethics, Privacy and Security • Privacy: The right of people not to reveal information about themselves, the right to keep personal information from being misused, the right to live their personal lives undisturbed. • Electronic invasion of personal data has become a serious ethical issue

14. Ethics, Privacy and Security Invasion of Privacy. Would you agree to: • Your shopping habits, your income, to be available to any number of businesses ? • Your medical records being used by your employer as one of the means of making decision regarding promotions, hiring, redundancy ?

15. Ethics, Privacy and Security • The rapid expansion of use of the Internet and E-Commerce has raised many problems with privacy aspects. • In America there exists the ‘Association of Corporate Privacy Officers’ which would indicate that there is much interest and concern regarding privacy of data.

16. Security Database Security: is the protection of a database from • unauthorised access • unauthorised modification • destruction PRIVACY is the right of individuals to have some control over information about themselves INTEGRITY refers to the correctness, completeness and consistency of data

17. Security AIM PREVENTS - Confidentiality - Unauthorised disclosure - Integrity - Unauthorised Amendment - Availability - Unauthorised Withholding Security Systems: 1. Computer Security 2. Communications Security - transmission - encryption 3. Procedural security 4. Physical security http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/courseware/cse1720/Week12.ppt

18. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties

19. What are civil rights and what are civil liberties? Civil Rights = The right of every person to equal protection under the law and equal access to society’s opportunities and public facilities. Civil Liberties = Individual rights that are protected from infringement by government.

20. CIVIL LIBERTIES • The Bill of Rights • First Amendment: Freedom of Religion • First Amendment: Freedom of Speech and Press • The Right to Keep and Bear Arms • The Rights of Criminal Defendants • The Right to Privacy

21. CIVIL LIBERTIES • Civil liberties are the personal rights and freedoms that the federal government cannot abridge, either by law, constitution, or judicial interpretation. • These are limitations on the power of government to restrain or dictate how individuals act.

22. The Right to Privacy • Privacy is not specifically mentioned in the Constitution, nevertheless some areas are to be off-limits to government interference. • Examples: – The right to Abortion – The right to Homosexuality – The Right to Die

23. Civil Liberties after Sept 11

24. Privacy before Sept. 11th • Tradeoff between security and privacy has always been a major issue for most Americans • Most sided with privacy at the expense of security • 84% of Americans were concerned about the government, businesses, or individuals collecting information on them

25. Privacy Before Sept 11th, cont. • 54% were “very concerned” • Only a minor portion of America (13%) supported FBI internet surveillance to catch criminals • 62% of Americans thought that new laws should be created to guarantee that privacy would be protected from government agencies

26. On September 11, 2001, terrorists attacked the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon just outside Washington, D.C. 9.11.2001

27. Shift in Public Opinion

28. Government Reaction • The government is reacting to public opinion polls and are passing new controversial laws that expand government power • Have already passed many ‘anti-terrorism’ bills that cover matters such as wiretaps, electronic surveillance, regulation of airports, etc.

29. Internet wiretapping scheme • Installed at ISPs (Internet Service Providers) • Maintained and operated by FBI • Monitors all email, both incoming and outgoing

30. Cryptography • Evidence produced from the Libyan bombings that Osama bin Laden, the suspected mastermind behind the 9/11 attacks, used phones scrambled by strong cryptography to hide the planning of the Libyan bombings • Evidence produced by the US government suggests that similar methods were used by the terrorist network for 9/11 attacks as well

31. Cryptography • The US government has charged that such cryptography aids terrorism more than it protects privacy and therefore should be banned

32. autonomy inform persuade threaten force paternalism Autonomy vs. Paternalism Ethics is both about drawing-up of borderlines and going beyond borderlines.

33. Three Most Fundamental Ethical Principles • Human life • Care for children • Trust among people

34. Conclusions • Public opinion will most likely remain concerned with security for years to come • Government expanding law enforcement powers • Privacy strongly related to public safety http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~cs7/papers/zachary-pr.ppt