Revolution or Evolution

1. Revolution or Evolution Ch.4

2. Bell Ringer “The American is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions. From involuntary idleness, servile dependence, and useless labor, he has passed toils of a very different nature, rewarded by ample subsistence. This is an American.” 9/18 -What do you think this quote is saying or means? -When do you think it was written?

3. Objectives • Understand why the British started to “follow through” • Explain how the colonists responded to the new enforcement. • Be able explain the numerous Acts that the British enforced • Understand the ways Americans countered the Acts.

4. The Press Zenger Case • Risk of libel for offending authorities • 1735- John Peter Zenger (New York editor and publisher) • Brought to trial for criticizing NYC royal governor. • Andrew Hamilton argued Zenger spoke the truth Zenger was acquitted

5. Consequences of Zenger • Huge victory for newspapers and their ability to write more freely. Importance/significance?

6. George Grenville: Prime Minister 1763 Initiates a series of new revenues and regulations: Sugar Act(1764) Quartering Act (1765) Stamp Act (1765)

7. Preamble to the Sugar Act • "it is expedient that new provisions and regulations should be established for improving the revenue of this Kingdom ... and ... it is just and necessary that a revenue should be raised ... for defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing the same.” Preamble to the Sugar Act

8. Sugar Act Purpose: It was meant to raise money for the crown. • Duties on foreign sugar and certain luxuries. • Stricter regulations on Navigation Acts and smuggling.

9. Quartering Act • Colonists had to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers in their colonies.

10. Stamp Act • Purpose: Raise funds to support British military forces. • Revenue stamps placed on most printed paper money, legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, & advertisements. • WHY is this a big deal???

11. Stamp Act Protests • Anger in all the colonies • Patrick Henry- Claimed no taxation without representation. • Sons and Daughters of Liberty were created.

12. Stamp Act Protests • Sons and Daughter of Liberty lead protests • Secret society • Purpose: Intimidate tax agents. Ex: Tar and feather **Boycott British imports**

13. Patrick Henry • Gave a speech to the Virginia House of Burgesses (1765) Argued: -Taxes should come only from the Virginia assembly -Anyone in favor of Parliament tax was an enemy. Printed in the “Virginia Resolves”

14. Declaratory Act 1766 Parliament repealed Stamp Act • Declaratory Act- Full right of Parliament to tax and make laws for the colonies. (in all cases whatsoever)

15. Declaratory Act Consequences • Gives parliament full authority over the colonies.

16. Townshend Acts 1767 • Chancellor of the exchequer (economic responsibility)- Charles Townshendproposes • Duties on colonial imports, tea, glass, and paper. • $ used to pay for crown officials (previously paid for by colonies) Writ of assistance- Search all ships and buildings. Ex: Suspended New York’s assembly

17. Townshend Act Consequences • Makes the crown officials independent from the assemblies • Takes power away from the assemblies. • Takes away colonists right to a warrant for the search of their property.

18. Colonial Reaction to Townshend Acts • At first, did not react. They were indirect taxes. (paid by the merchants) John Dickinson complains: • Writes: Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania • Agreed that Parliament could regulate commerce. • Argued: No taxation without representation.

19. Repeal of Townshend Acts(1770) **Colonists boycott of British goods** Merchants increase their smuggling • Lord Fredrick North (Prime Minister)- urged Parliament to repeal them. (Damage trade and gain minimal revenue)

20. One Catch to the Repeal • Parliament kept a small tax on tea • Symbolic of their power to tax.

21. Boston Massacre • Boston (1770) • British troops in the city to protect customs officials. • Colonists harassed the troops • British troops fire into the crowd • Kill 5 people (including AA Crispus Attucks)

22. Boston Massacre Consequences John Adams defends the troops and the charges for murder are dropped. • Sam Adams called this occurrence a massacre. • Significance: Used by colonial leaders to anger others (anti-British feeling)

23. Peace Time: 1770-1772 • Sam Adams and others kept the (Anti-British feeling going) • Create committees to unify the colonies (Committee of Correspondence)

24. Gaspee • Gaspee- British customs ship used for finding smugglers. • 1772- Ship gets stuck in Rhode Island • Colonists dress like Natives and set fire to the ship.

25. Tea Act (1773) • Boycotts by colonists hurt the British • British East India Company had 17 million pounds of tea needing to be sold. • Frederick North(Prime Minister)- Sells the tea with almost no tax.

26. Boston Tea Party • Tea Act angers colonists • December 1773 -Boston Rebels dress up as Natives -Destroyed chests of tea.

27. British Reaction to Boston Tea Party • Infuriated the King, Lord North, and Parliament • They proposed the Coercive Acts of 1774 • British Thomas Gage- appointed new governor of Massachusetts. • -Places Boston under Martial Law- Military control

28. Intolerable Acts(Coercive Acts)1774: 4 Actions Taken

29. Quebec Act 1774 • Law organizing Canadian lands gained from France What it did… -Made Roman Catholicism the official religion. • Set up a gov. without a representative assembly. • Extended Quebec’s boundaries to the Ohio River.

30. American colonial ANGER… • Viewed this as a threat to the colonies • Protestants fearful of Catholicism

31. Colonial Response: • Committees of Correspondence meet. • Form the First Continental Congress • 1774- Delegates Meet in Philadelphia and create a declaration of colonial rights.

32. Delegates Diverse group: Radicals- Ex: Patrick Henry, Sam Adams Moderates: Ex: George Washington Conservatives: John Jay *If colonials rights failed to be recognized, call for a second congress in 1775.*

33. Brink of War… • Minutemen- Civilian soldiers secretly collected weapons. • Thomas Gage discovers this collection of weapons • Rumors that Concord was full of these weapons. • Took Lexington road to Concord.

34. Shot Heard Round the World • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6ikO6LMxF4

35. British Troops on their way… • Joseph Warren informed Paul Revere of the British plans April 18th, 1775 • Paul Revere, William Dawes, and Samuel Prescott rode through the night to warn people. • Church bells and gunshots fired to signal the Regulars were coming.

37. Lexington and Concord • British arrive in Lexington • Minutemen waiting for them. • Shots fired • British retreat back to Boston • Patriots use surprise attacks and kill 3 times as many British “Shots heard round the world” *Start of Revolution*

38. American Revolution Begins…War for Independence • Second Continental Congress created in May 1775 • Much Disagreement • Goal: Peace What they do!!! • Central Government • Create Continental Army • Make George Washington the General • Create paper $

39. British reject Olive Branch Petition Government based on a social contract Inalienable rights of Americans Ideas in Common Sense published Causes of Colonies became independent Colonists forced to choose revolution or loyalty Results of Ideas Help Start a Revolution SUMMARIZING What were some of the causes, ideas, and results related to the Declaration of Independence? The Declaration of Independence- July 4, 1776

40. Battle of Bunker Hill • June 17, 1775

41. Battle at Bunker Hill

42. Battle at Bunker Hill: First Phase • 1st major engagement of War • British decide to attack coming up Breed’s Hill • Patriots hold the British off twice • 3rd time works for British but because Patriots ran out of ammunition. Significance • HUGE moral victory for untrained Americans

43. WHO WAS GOING TO WIN??? • only had to hold out to win - had the most powerful government in the world - were fighting in their own backyard - more $ - war was not popular in Europe - more disciplined troops - had superior leadership - had support of foreign nations (France) • had command of the seas

44. Olive Branch Petition • Second Continental Congress was very divided -Independence -Negotiation • Second Continental Congress agreed on peace • July 1775, send Olive Branch Petition for peace. • King George rejects, ordering a naval blockade to America. (Prohibitory Act)

45. Second Continental Congress Second declaration July 6, 1775 “Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms” Two Options: • Unconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated ministers • Resistance by force

46. Common Sense (January 1776) • Thomas Paine wrote a 50 Page Essay Main argument: -Colonies should be independent and have no affiliation with the British Monarchy. -Against “common sense” for a large continent to be ruled by a small island thousand of miles away.

47. Common Sense Significance • Sold over 500,000 copies • Huge influence over public opinion • Dispersed radical and extreme ideas to most people in the colonies. • Ex: George Washington felt it greatly impacted society.

48. Declaration of Independence • Slow progress eventually led to the colonies agreeing on a need for independence. • June 7, 1776: Richard Henry Lee declared the colonies to be united and independent. • Thomas Jefferson asked to write this Declaration

49. Dec of Independence cont… • Jefferson influenced by philosophers John Locke (Two Treatises of Government) Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s (Social Contract) “We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” *First Part of Declaration (Preamble) -Necessity of independence to preserve basica natural laws and rights.

50. Second Part of the Declaration • List of “abuses and usurpations” • Pointed out how the king and parliament violated their social contract with the colonies.