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Bronze Age Civilizations Periodization based on tools

Bronze Age Civilizations Periodization based on tools. 3000B.C.E. – 1200B.C.E. Bronze Age Civilizations. Mesopotamia. Sumerians 2750 Akkadians 2340-2125 Neo-Sumerians 2100-2000 Old Babylonian Period 1900-1600 Staggered Hittite Conquest 1600-1100 Old Assyrian Period 1200-612

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Bronze Age Civilizations Periodization based on tools

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  1. Bronze Age CivilizationsPeriodization based on tools 3000B.C.E. – 1200B.C.E.

  2. Bronze Age Civilizations

  3. Mesopotamia • Sumerians 2750 • Akkadians 2340-2125 • Neo-Sumerians 2100-2000 • Old Babylonian Period 1900-1600 • Staggered Hittite Conquest 1600-1100 • Old Assyrian Period 1200-612 • Neo Babylonian Period 612-539 • Persian Conquest 539 Extent of the Old Babylonian Empire Iron Age

  4. Mesopotamian Civilizations

  5. Sumerians and the rise of City-states • A language unlike any we have seen since • Urbanization • Monarchy: a priest king and his bureaucrats • bureaucrats acted as “middle management” • responsibilities included land distribution, food distribution, and record keeping • records, which kept track of distribution and trade, were the first writings in the world • Soon the writing was made simpler  from pictographic to cuneiform (“wedge-shaped”)

  6. Akkadians 2340-2125 • Semitic peoples who spoke a language related to Hebrew and Arabic • A people from Arabia who expanded into Mesopotamia • Sargon’s empire based in Akkad (which will later become Babylon) • Maintained and even adopted Sumerian religion, culture and traditions • Semitic peoples will control Mesopotamia for centuries

  7. Amorites: The Old Babylonian Empire • Capitol City: Babylon • All powerful monarch who was believed to be a god • Centralization: While the Sumerian civilization consisted of independent and autonomous city-states, the Old Babylonian state was a behemoth of dozens of cities. • Monarchy/emperor • as a result, an entirely new set of laws were invented by the Old Babylonians: laws which dealt with crimes against the state • Code of Hammurabi

  8. Hittites and the Beginning of the Iron Age • Indo-Europeans who expanded from Anatolia in 1600 BCE • Adopted customs and traditions of the Mesopotamians • First civilization to smelt iron, which gradually spread, probably along the trade routes, to other Mediterranean civilizations.

  9. Northern and Eastern Africa Egypt and Nubia

  10. Nubia

  11. Nubia 3100-350 • “Land of the Bow” • Rich in natural resources, including the Egyptian favorite: Gold • (upper) Nile River: irrigation essential in a rocky, severely hot area that lacked rainfall. • Trade was mutually beneficial for Egypt and Nubia, and continued even during times of hostility • Trade corridor to riches of sub-Saharan Africa • Back and forth: Kingdom of Kush, based in Kerma 1750 BCE • Egyptians conquer Kush in 1500 • Kush gains strength with its capital of Napata and takesof Egypt

  12. Egypt • “Gift of the Nile” • Upper Egypt (south) and Lower Egypt (north) • Infatuation with afterlife • Black Land and Red Land • Lack of urbanization, instead pharaoh and his court • Ease of living • North/South diffusion?

  13. China’s Yellow River Valley Shang and Zhou

  14. Shang Period

  15. The Shang period 1750-1027 BCE • Started using Bronze in 2000, approx. 1000 years later than the Middle East. • Earliest written records (pictograms) anywhere in China. • Warrior Aristocracy • Ancestor Worship with king as mediator • Slave labor • Early feng shui orientation of buildings to maintain the order established by the gods • Early Trade: as far away as Mesopotamia (chariot?) • Silk!

  16. Zhou Period

  17. Zhou Period 1027-221BCE • The Zhou ruler, Wu defeated the last Shang king in 1027 • Preserved the essentials of Shang culture and added new elements of ideology and technology • Est. the “Mandate of Heaven” Chief deity was “Heaven” and the king was called “Son of Heaven” • “Spring and Autumn Period” 771-481 and “Warring States Period” 480- unification of China in 221 • 600BCE iron metallurgy  first to forge steel by removing carbon during the iron-smelting process • Legalism: men are evil and need strict rules to behave in an orderly fashion.

  18. Europe Celtic Europe 1000-50 BCE

  19. Celts • Warrior Aristocracy • Disunity: not one empire, rather many separate tribes • Same, similar linguistic group • Society • Women may have been given more rights in Celtic society…but lets not get carried away • Druids • Head Cult? • Celtic Migrations • Rome conquered in 390BCE…

  20. Aegean Civilizations Minoan and Mycenaean

  21. Aegean: Minoans and Mycenaeans

  22. Minoans • the islands of the Aegean • rulers of the sea and controlled trade in the area • palaces and apartments had sewer systems, flush toilets and beautiful frescos. • very wealthy society • capitol at Knossos, was no match for the eruption of Theraand the devastation that followed

  23. Mycenaeans • Early Greeks 1600 BCE • Began to rise in strength as the Minoans were beginning to disappear • Greeks conquered the Aegean and may have attacked Troy, a city along the Hellespont, in the 13th C. BCE • Collapse into a Dark Age in approx 1100 and vanish for 300 years. But why? • Then, out of the Dark Age the Greeks establish city-states, such as Sparta, Athens and Corinth

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