Early Encounters End Hopes for A Quick End to War

2. Date Battle What Happened Results July 21, 1861 Battle of Bull Run Lincoln sent troops to attack the Confederate capital. Union and Confederate troops clashed between Washington, D.C., and Richmond, Virginia. Finally, the Union troops retreated. Lincoln appointed a new commander of the Union army of the East, General George McClellan. In the end, he turned out to be too cautious. March 1862 McClellan’s troops moved toward Richmond Robert E. Lee attacked McClellan’s troops. At the same time, Lee sent Stonewall Jackson north to threaten Washington, D.C. With Washington, D.C., threatened, Lincoln could not send the rest of the Union army to help McClellan. McClellan retreated. Early Encounters End Hopes for A Quick End to War Chapter 17, Section 2

3. Date Battle What Happened Results March 1862 Monitor and the Merrimack, or Virginia Confederates covered a Union warship, the Merrimack, with iron plates and renamed it the Virginia. The Union also built an ironclad, the Monitor. The two vessels fought near Virginia. In this first battle of ironclad ships, neither vessel seriously damaged the other, and both withdrew. However, ironclad ships changed naval warfare. September 1862 Battle of Antietam Hoping for a southern victory on northern soil, Lee marched into Maryland. McClellan learned of his plans, but was slow to attack. At last, the two sides met. Both sides suffered great losses. Neither side won. Because Lee withdrew, northern morale was raised. Lincoln replaced the cautious McClellan with Ambrose Burnside. Early Encounters End Hopes for A Quick End to War Chapter 17, Section 2

4. The Emancipation Proclamation Chapter 17, Section 3 What was the Emancipation Proclamation? • Abraham Lincoln decided to emancipate, or free, enslaved African Americans living in the Confederacy. On January 1, 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, the formal declaration that freed slaves in the Confederacy, but not in slave states that remained with the Union or in Confederate lands that had been captured by the Union. Why did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation? • Emancipation would weaken the Confederacy’s ability to carry on the war. • He hoped to introduce the idea of emancipation slowly, by limiting it to territory controlled by the Confederacy. He expected to introduce the idea of emancipation in other areas later.

5. How the War Affected the Southern Economy Chapter 17, Section 4 • Income tax—To pay for the war, Congress established the nation’s first income tax, or tax on people’s earnings, in 1861. A new agency, the Internal Revenue Bureau, oversaw the collection of taxes. • Inflation—The Union issued millions of dollars worth of bonds. When taxes and bonds did not raise enough money, the North printed more than $400 million in paper money. As the money supply increased, each dollar became worth less. In response, businesses raised their prices. The North experienced inflation, a rise in prices and a decrease in the value of money. • Increased farm production—With so many farmers going off to war, the demand rose for farm machines to plant and harvest crops. Farm production actually went up. • Increased industrial profits—Wartime demand for clothing, shoes, guns, and other goods helped many northern industries. Some manufacturers made fortunes by profiteering. Profiteers charged excessive prices for desperately needed war goods.

6. How the War Affected the Northern Economy Chapter 17, Section 4 • Income tax—To raise money, the Confederacy imposed an income tax and a tax-in-kind. The tax-in-kind required farmers to turn over one tenth of their crops to the government. • Inflation—The South printed so much paper money that wild inflation set in. • Loss of the cotton trade—The war damaged the cotton trade. President Davis stopped the South’s cotton trade with Britain. He was hoping to force Britain to side with the South in return for cotton. Britain, however, just bought its cotton from Egypt and India instead. • Severe shortages—The Union blockade created severe shortages of goods from overseas. The South began to build and run its own factories. The blockade also brought food shortages. Many plantations switched from growing cotton to raising grain and livestock.

7. Date Battle What Happened Results December 1862 Battle of Fredericks-burg Lee’s forces met Burnside’s army. Lee’s forces dug into the crest of a hill. As wave after wave of Union troops charged, Confederate guns mowed them down. This was one of the Union’s worst defeats. May 1863 Battle of Chancellors-ville Lee, aided by Stonewall Jackson, outmaneuvered Union forces in a thickly wooded area. Lee and Jackson defeated the Union troops in a three-day battle. A southern sentry shot Stonewall Jackson by mistake. Jackson died soon after. Confederate Victories in the East Chapter 17, Section 2

8. Date Battle What Happened Results February 1862 Fort Henry and Fort Donelson Union troops under Ulysses S. Grant captured the two Tennessee forts. The Union gained control of two tributaries of the Mississippi. April 6–7, 1862 Battle of Shiloh Confederate forces surprised Grant’s Union forces and drove them back toward the river. With the aid of fresh troops, Grant beat back the Confederates. The Union won control of the Tennessee River. It was one of the bloodiest battles of the war. April 1862 New Orleans Union gunboats captured New Orleans. Other ships captured Memphis, Tennessee. The Union now controlled both ends of the Mississippi. Union Victories in the West Chapter 17, Section 2

9. Date Battle What Happened Results May 22 to July 4, 1863 Battle of Vicksburg Again and again, Grant’s forces tried to seize Vicksburg, a city on a cliff above the Mississippi River. Finally, Grant marched inland and attacked Vicksburg from the rear. Grant’s forces lay siege to the city, encircling it and blockading or bombarding it, in order to force it to surrender. Finally, the Confederates surrendered the city, giving the Union forces complete control of the Mississippi River. The Union Victory at Vicksburg Chapter 17, Section 5

10. Date Battle What Happened Results June 30 to July 2, 1863 Battle of Gettysburg Lee surprised Union forces at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. On the first day of battle, the Confederates drove the Union forces out of Gettysburg. On the second day, Lee’s forces attacked the ends of the Union line, but the line held. On the third day, Lee ordered General George Pickett to lead 15,000 men in a daring charge against the center of the Union line. The last attack led by Pickett is known as Pickett’s Charge. Row after row of Confederate soldiers were shot down. Lee’s forces had to retreat. The Confederates would never invade the North again. The Union Victory at Gettysburg Chapter 17, Section 5

11. The Gettysburg Address Chapter 17, Section 5 “We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” —Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 19, 1863

12. Grant’s Plan for Ending the War Chapter 17, Section 5 • Destroy the South’s ability to fight by waging total war, a kind of warfare in which an army destroys everything that might be useful to the enemy, such as food and equipment. • Grant sent General Philip Sheridan and his cavalry into the rich farmland of Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley. Sheridan destroyed farms, livestock, and barns filled with grain. • Grant ordered General William Tecumseh Sherman to capture Atlanta, Georgia, then march to the Atlantic coast. Sherman burned a large part of Atlanta. Then, Sherman’s army began its “march to the sea,” destroying everything in its path—railroad tracks, livestock, fields, barns, homes, bridges, and factories.

13. Grant’s Plan for Ending the War Chapter 17, Section 5

14. The Civil War Ends Chapter 17, Section 5

15. The Civil War Ends Chapter 17, Section 5 Lee and his army were trapped by Union troops at the small Virginia town of Appomattox Court House. He knew his troops would be slaughtered if he kept fighting. On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant. Grant offered generous terms of surrender. • Soldiers were required to turn over their rifles, but officers were allowed to keep their pistols. • Soldiers who had horses could keep them. • Grant ordered that “each officer and man will be allowed to return to his home, not to be disturbed by the United States authorities.”

16. The Civil War—A Turning Point in American History Chapter 17, Section 5 • The toll of the Civil War was immense. To this day no war has resulted in more American deaths. The economic cost of the Civil War was huge—more than 11 times the entire amount spent by the federal government between 1789 and 1861. • The balance of power was changed. The Democratic party lost its influence. The Republican party grew stronger. • No longer would Americans speak of the nation as a confederation of states. People began to think of the United States as one nation, instead of many states. • The power of the federal government grew. • The war put an end to slavery in the United States. Millions of African Americans gained their freedom. • Other Americans began to think about what it meant to be free and equal.

17. Issue of slavery in the territories divides the North and South • Abolitionists want slavery to end • South fears it will lose power in the national government • Southern states secede after Lincoln’s election • Confederates bombard Fort Sumter • Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation • Northern economy booms • South loses its cotton trade with Britain • Total war destroys the South’s economy • Hundreds of thousands of Americans killed • Disagreements over states’ rights persist • African Americans have equal protection under the Constitution • Millions of Americans visit Civil War battlefields each year Causes The Civil War Effects Effects Today The Civil War Chapter 17, Section 5

18. North Returning Union soldiers needed jobs. Yet, because the government was canceling war orders, factories were laying off workers. South • Destruction—Homes, barns, bridges and the railroad system were destroyed. The cities of Columbia, Richmond, and Atlanta had been leveled. • Economic ruin—After the war, Confederate money was worthless. People who had loaned money to the Confederacy were never repaid. Many banks closed, and depositors lost their savings. • A changed society—Almost overnight, there was a new class of freedmen—men and women who had been slaves. What would become of them Postwar Problems Chapter 18, Section 1

19. The Postwar Nation Chapter 18, Section 1

20. Early Steps Toward Reconstruction Chapter 18, Section 1 Reconstruction—the rebuilding of the South Lincoln’s Plan, called the Ten Percent Plan • A southern state could form a new government after 10 percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States. • The new government had to abolish slavery. Voters could then once again elect members of Congress. • The plan offered amnesty, or a government pardon, to Confederates who swore loyalty to the Union. Former Confederate leaders could not be given amnesty, however. Wade-Davis Bill,a rival Republican plan. Lincoln refused to sign the bill. • A majority of white men in each southern state had to swear loyalty to the Union. • Anyone who had volunteered to fight for the Confederacy would be denied the right to vote or hold office.

21. The Freedmen’s Bureau Chapter 18, Section 1 Congress and the President did agree on one plan. One month before Lee surrendered, Congress passed a bill creating the Freedmen’s Bureau, a government agency to help former slaves. The agency helped poor whites as well. • Gave food and clothing to former slaves. • Tried to find jobs for freedmen. • Provided medical care. • Set up schools. Most of the teachers were volunteers from the North. • The Bureau created colleges for African Americans, including Howard, Morehouse, and Fisk.

22. Lincoln’s Assassination and Johnson’s Inauguration Lead to Conflict Chapter 18, Section 1 • President Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865. Andrew Johnson became President. He proposed a Reconstruction plan: • A majority of voters in each southern state had to pledge loyalty to the Union. • Each state had to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, which banned slavery throughout the nation. • The southern states quickly met Johnson’s conditions. The President approved their new state governments in late 1865. • Southern voters elected representatives to the Senate and House. • Republicans in Congress were outraged that many of those elected had held office in the Confederacy. No southern state allowed African Americans to vote. • Congress refused to let southern representatives take their seats. Instead, they set up a Joint Committee on Reconstruction to form a new Reconstruction plan.

23. Lincoln’s Assassination and Johnson’s Inauguration Lead to Conflict Chapter 18, Section 1 • President Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865. Andrew Johnson became President. He proposed a Reconstruction plan: • A majority of voters in each southern state had to pledge loyalty to the Union. • Each state had to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, which banned slavery throughout the nation. • The southern states quickly met Johnson’s conditions. The President approved their new state governments in late 1865. • Southern voters elected representatives to the Senate and House. • Republicans in Congress were outraged that many of those elected had held office in the Confederacy. No southern state allowed African Americans to vote. • Congress refused to let southern representatives take their seats. Instead, they set up a Joint Committee on Reconstruction to form a new Reconstruction plan.

24. Congress Reacts to Black Codes Chapter 18, Section 2 black codes—laws passed by southern states that severely limited the rights of freedmen How did black codes affect freedmen? • Black codes granted some rights. African Americans could marry legally and own some property. • Black codes kept freedmen from gaining political and economic power. They forbade freedmen to vote, own guns, or serve on juries. • In some states, African Americans could work only as servants or farm laborers. In others, they had to sign contracts for a year’s work. How did Congress react to black codes? • Angered by black codes, Republicans charged that Johnson’s lenient Reconstruction plan had encouraged the codes. • Republicans were also angered by southern white violence against freedmen.

25. Congress Reacts to Black Codes Chapter 18, Section 2 How did Congress react to black codes? • The Joint Committee on Reconstruction accused the South of trying to “preserve slavery . . . as long as possible.” • When President Johnson ignored the report of the Joint Committee, members of Congress who were called Radical Republicans vowed to take control of Reconstruction.

26. Radical Republicans Gain Power Chapter 18, Section 2 • Radical Republicans had two main goals. • Break the power of wealthy planters who had long ruled the South. • Ensure that freedmen received the right to vote. • Radical Republicans needed the support of moderate Republicans. Most southerners were Democrats. Republicans could control both houses if southerners were barred from Congress. • To combat the black codes, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act in April 1866. It gave citizenship to African Americans. • Republicans proposed the Fourteenth Amendment, which granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States. It guaranteed citizens “equal protection of the laws” and said that no state could “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.”

27. Radical Republicans Gain Power Chapter 18, Section 2 • In the Election of 1866, President Johnson opposed the Fourteenth Amendment and urged voters to reject the Radicals. Southern violence convinced many northerners that strong measures were needed, so they backed the Republicans. Republicans won majorities in both houses of Congress. • The period that followed the election is often called Radical Reconstruction. Congress passed the first Reconstruction Act in March 1867. It threw out state governments that had refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.

28. Plan Ten Percent Plan Wade-Davis Bill Johnson Plan Reconstruction Act President Abraham Lincoln (1863) Republicans in Congress (1864) President Andrew Johnson (1865) Radical Republicans (1867) Proposed by Conditions for Former Confederate States to Rejoin Union • 10 percent of voters must swear loyalty to Union • Must abolish slavery • Majority of white men must swear loyalty • Former Confederate volunteers cannot vote or hold office • Majority of white men must swear loyalty • Must ratify Thirteenth Amendment • Former Confederate officials may vote and hold office • Must disband state governments • Must write new constitutions • Must ratify Fourteenth Amendment • African American men must be allowed to vote Reconstruction Plans Chapter 18, Section 2

29. Andrew Johnson Impeached Chapter 18, Section 2 • Because Johnson tried to limit the effect of Radical Reconstruction, Congress tried to remove him from office. • On February 24, 1868, the House of Representatives voted to impeach, or bring formal charges against, Johnson. • The President could be removed from office if two thirds of the Senate found him guilty of “high crimes and misdemeanors.” During Johnson’s trial, it became clear that he was not guilty of high crimes and misdemeanors. • In the end, the Senate vote was 35 to 19 against Johnson—just one vote shy of the two thirds needed to convict him.

30. Thirteenth Amendment • Bans slavery throughout the United States. Fourteenth Amendment • Grants citizenship to all persons born in the United States. • Guarantees citizens equal protection of the laws. No state can deprive any person of life, liberty, or property with due process of law. Fifteenth Amendment • Forbids any state to deny any citizens the right to vote because of race. The Civil War Amendments Chapter 18, Section 2

31. White southern Republicans • Some whites supported the new Republican governments. They wanted to get on with rebuilding the South. • Many white southerners felt that any southerner who helped the Republicans was a traitor. They called the white southern Republicans scalawags. Northerners • White southerners accused northerners who came to the South of hoping to get rich from the South’s misery. The southerners called these northerners carpetbaggers. • Some northerners did hope to profit from rebuilding the South. • Some former Union soldiers went to the South because they had come to love the land during the war. • Some northerners went South to help the freedmen. African Americans • During Reconstruction, African Americans voted in large numbers. They also ran for and were elected to public office. Two African Americans served in the Senate. New Forces in Southern Politics Chapter 18, Section 3

32. Southern Conservatives Resisted Reconstruction Chapter 18, Section 3 • Conservatives—white southerners who had held power before the Civil War and who resisted Reconstruction; they wanted the South to change as little as possible. • A few wealthy planters tried to force African Americans back onto plantations. Many small farmers and laborers wanted the government to take action against freedmen to stop them from competing for land and power. • Some white southerners formed secret societies to help them regain power. The most dangerous was the Ku Klux Klan, or KKK. They conducted a campaign of terror and violence to keep African Americans and white Republicans out of office.

33. The Challenges Reconstruction Governments Faced Chapter 18, Section 3 Despite their problems, Reconstruction governments tried to rebuild the South. They built public schools for both black and white children, gave women the right to own property, and rebuilt railroads, telegraph lines, bridges, and roads. In rebuilding the South, Reconstruction governments met several challenges. • To pay for rebuilding, Reconstruction governments raised taxes sharply. This created discontent among southern whites. • Some Reconstruction officials were corrupt, which angered southerners.

34. A Cycle of Poverty Chapter 18, Section 3 Some Radical Republicans talked about giving each freedman “40 acres and a mule” to help them get started, but that never happened. • A few freedmen were able to buy land. • Many freedmen and poor whites went to work on large plantations. These sharecroppersrented and farmed a plot of land. • The planters provided seed, fertilizer, and tools in return for a share of the crop. • Most sharecroppers and small landowners bought supplies on credit in the spring. In the fall, they had to repay what they had borrowed. If the harvest did not cover what they owed, they sank deeper into debt.

35. The End of Reconstruction Chapter 18, Section 4 • By 1870, Radical Republicans were losing power. Northerners were growing tired of trying to reform the South. In addition, disclosure of widespread corruption turned people against the Republican party. • In 1872, Congress passed the Amnesty Act. It restored the right to vote to nearly all white southerners. They voted solidly Democratic and kept many African Americans from voting. • The election of 1876 ended Reconstruction. After a dispute in the Electoral College, a special commission set up by Congress settled the election. The commission awarded the election to Rutherford B. Hayes. Although he was a Republican, he had privately agreed to end Reconstruction once in office.

36. The End of Reconstruction Chapter 18, Section 4

37. Restricted Rights for African Americans in the South Chapter 18, Section 4 Voting restrictions • Many southern states passed poll taxes, requiring voters to pay a fee to vote. Poor freedmen could rarely afford to vote. • States also passed literacy tests that required voters to read and explain part of the Constitution. Since most freedmen had little education, such tests kept them from voting. • Many poor whites could not pass literacy tests, so states passed grandfather clauses. These laws stated that if a voter’s father or grandfather could vote on January 1, 1867, then the voter did not have to take a literacy test. (No African Americans could vote before 1868.) Segregation, or legal separation of races • In southern states, Jim Crow laws separated blacks and whites in schools, restaurants, theaters, trains, streetcars, playgrounds, hospitals, and even cemeteries. • In the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation was legal so long as facilities for blacks and whites were equal. In fact, facilities were rarely equal.

38. Industry in the “New South” Chapter 18, Section 4 “New South”—Atlanta journalist Henry Grady talked of a “New South”— a South that used its resources to build up its own industry and not depend on the North. Agricultural resources • Southern communities started building textile mills to turn cotton into cloth. • New machinery revolutionized the manufacture of tobacco products. New industries • Alabama made use of its large deposits of iron ore and coal to become a center of the steel industry. • Oil refineries sprang up in Louisiana and Texas. • Other states produced copper, granite, and marble. • Southern factories turned out cypress shingles and hardwood furniture.