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Introduction to Ecology

Introduction to Ecology. J.T. II Olivar, MAEd Faculty of Arts and Letters University of Santo Tomas. Objective of the Lecture. To relate the different components of the ecosystem. To trace the energy transfer in the food pyramid using the laws of thermodynamics.

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Introduction to Ecology

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  1. Introduction to Ecology J.T. II Olivar, MAEd Faculty of Arts and Letters University of Santo Tomas

  2. Objective of the Lecture • To relate the different components of the ecosystem. • To trace the energy transfer in the food pyramid using the laws of thermodynamics. • To point out the connection of the different biogeochemical cycles in the ecosystem.

  3. Outline of the Lecture • Definition of Ecology and Ecosystem and other related environmental concepts. • Interactions in the Ecosystem. • Laws of Thermodynamics. • Biogeochemical Cycles.

  4. Definition of Ecology • The word “ecology” means, literally, “the study of houses.” • A branch of biology that studies interrelationships of organisms with their environments. • Variety of conditions under which organisms live and adaptations to those conditions.

  5. The Biosphere • The area in which life on our planet is possible. • One gigantic biological system.

  6. Ecosystem • It refers to any stable environment in which living and nonliving things interact, and in which materials are used over and over again. • Interactions of: • Biotic community (the group of population) • Physical environment

  7. Community Structure and Species Diversity • Community structure • Biological communities differ in their structure and physical appearance. • Relative sizes, stratification, and distributions of populations • Species diversity and Niche structure • Biological communities differ in the types and numbers of species they contain and the ecological roles they play

  8. Interactions • Interactions in the Biotic Community • Interaction between the Biotic Community and the Physical Environment • Interaction within the Physical Environment

  9. Interactions in the Biotic Community • Species interactions • Species can interact and increase their ability to survive through competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism.

  10. Interaction between the Biotic Community and the Physical Environment • Climate • Sunlight • Temperature • Wind • Precipitation • Micro climate • Macro climate

  11. Climate • Varies with latitude • Varies seasonally

  12. Temperature • Affected by ocean currents • Affected by sunlight

  13. Wind • PGF • Coriolis Force • Frictional Force

  14. Precipitation

  15. Topography • Bodies of Water • Landforms

  16. Interaction within the Physical Environment • Cloud cover reduces light intensity

  17. Laws of Thermodynamics • First Law: The Law of Conservation of Energy. • Second Law: The Law of Entropy. • How are these laws applied in the food pyramid?

  18. Biogeochemical Cycles • The water cycle • The carbon-oxygen cycle • The nitrogen cycle

  19. Population • Population density is a measure of the changing populations by counting and recording individuals from a very large area at various times.

  20. Factors causing fluctuations in population density • Density-dependent factors • Density-independent factors

  21. Overcrowding and Undercrowding • What are the advantages and disadvantages of overcrowding and undercrowding?

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