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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. By James Hanson June 2002. DRAM. Dynamic-RAM Needs to be refreshed every few milliseconds 1 Transistor/ 1 Capacitor. SRAM. Static-RAM Doesn’t need to be refreshed. Keeps memory as long as it has power. 6 Transistors. Cache. A type of fast memory.

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 By James Hanson June 2002

  2. DRAM • Dynamic-RAM • Needs to be refreshed every few milliseconds • 1 Transistor/ 1 Capacitor

  3. SRAM • Static-RAM • Doesn’t need to be refreshed. • Keeps memory as long as it has power. • 6 Transistors

  4. Cache • A type of fast memory. • Located in or near the CPU. • Doesn’t need to be refreshed. • Types L1, L2-[Discrete/ATC], and COAST. • Static memory.

  5. L1 Cache • Level 1 • Cache located closest to the processor. • Internal Cache.

  6. L2 Cache • Level 2 • External cache located near the processor as in Discrete and ATC. • Or close to the CPU like COAST.

  7. Discrete Cache • Cache that is in the CPU package. • Connected to the processor by a bus. • Pentium Pro was first chip to use.

  8. ATC • Advance Transfer Cache • Cache that is embedded in the processor section of the CPU. • Fastest L2 cache.

  9. C.O.S.T • Cache On a Stick. • External Cache on main board. • Connect via memory bus. • Slowest cache.

  10. Backside Bus • The bus that connects the L2 discrete cache to the processor. • Run at ½ to full speed of processor.

  11. Frontside Bus • Bus out of the CPU to the system board. • Also Known as the memory bus or system bus. • Speed varies by chip set, CPU, and Moterboard.

  12. Local Bus • A bus that is synchronized with CPU. • Northbridge and above.

  13. External Bus • A bus that runs asynchronies of the CPU. • Below the Northbridge.

  14. Wait state • When the CPU must pause and wait for slower devices.

  15. RISC • Reduced Instruction Set Computer. • Sends fewer/simpler instructions by using the most frequently used ones. • Faster then CISC

  16. CISC • Complex Instruction Set Computer. • More complex/ complete instructions are sent therefore it is slower.

  17. CPU Form Factors • Also known as sockets and slots. • PGA and SPGA • SEP, SECC, SECC2, PPGA, and FC-PGA.

  18. PGA • Pin Grid Array • Pins are aligned in uniform rows around the socket. • Sockets 4 and 6

  19. SPGA • Staggered Pin Grid Array • Pins are place in a staggered pattern on the package to get more on. • Sockets include 5,7, super 7, 8, and 370 • Socket 7 run at 66 MHz • Super 7 runs at 100 MHz and supports AGP and uses AMD chips vs. Intel.

  20. SEP • Single Edge Processor • Is not covered in plastic case. • The first Celerons were this way. • Fits Slot 1

  21. SECC • Single Edge Contact Cartridge • Covered completely in in a plastic housing. • Pentium II and Pentium III may use Slot 1.

  22. PPGA • Plastic Pin Grid Array • Processor is in a flat square box made to fit a Socket 370. • Fan and heat sink attach to top with a heat spreader or thermal plate. • New Celerons come this way.

  23. FC-PGA • Flip Chip Pin Grid Array • Looks like PPGA and also uses Socket 370. • Heat sink and fan attach directly to the top of CPU. • Pentium III also come this way.

  24. AGP • Accelerated Graphics Port • System boards have one AGP slot that is more of a port then a bus. • Has direct access to the CPU, rather then routing through the slower PCI bus. • 66-MHz – 32-bit • AGP 2X /AGP 4X

  25. ISA • Industry Standard Architecture • First came out in 8-bit bus later IBM extended to 16-bit. • 8-MHz

  26. MCA • Microchannel Architecture • Introduced by IBM in 1987 for a short time • First 32-bit bus • Replaced by PCI

  27. PCI • Peripheral Component Interconnect bus • Has become the standard for I/O bus • 33-MHz/66-MHz - 32-bit • PCI-X 66-MHz/133-MHz - 64-bit

  28. AMR • Audio Modem Riser • Designed for small, cheap cards. • Most of the logic for the audio or modem is supported by the system board chip set. • Cheap way to expand with out ISA/PCI.

  29. USB • Universal Serial Bus • Is replacing parallel and serial ports. • Easy installation of I/O devices through Plug-N-Play. • Able to use up 127 devices on one IRQ • Enables Hot-Swapping • USB 1 speeds of 1.5 Mbs – 12 Mbs • USB 2 speeds up to 480 Mbs

  30. FireWire • Expansion bus that can configured as a local bus. • It may replace SCSI in the future. • Used for fast I/O devices. • Also called IEEE 1394 and I.link • Up to 63 devices per channel. • Speeds up to 400 Mbs

  31. Push Me

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