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Memory. Chapter 9. Name the Seven Dwarves. Take out a piece of paper. Turn your paper over. Now pick pick out the seven dwarves.
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Memory Chapter 9
Name the Seven Dwarves Take out a piece of paper
Turn your paper over. Now pick pick out the seven dwarves. Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy
Seven Dwarves Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful
Difficulty of Task Was the exercise easy or difficult? It depends on what factors? Whether you like Disney movies How long ago you watched the movie How loud the people are around you when you are trying to remember
As you might have guessed, the next topic we are going to examine is……. Memory
Memory • When it comes to memory we will be focusing on one central question. • What causes us to remember what we remember and to forget what we forget?? • Why do I remember my 13th birthday party or the girl I had a crush on in fifth grade, but I do not remember the name of that one teacher down the hall?
Lets start with the definition of memory • Memory • The ability of the brain to store, retain, and then recall information • Learning that has persisted over time
The Memory process • Storage • Retrieval/Recall • Encoding
Storage • The creation of a permanent record of the encoded information • storing or maintaining • Saving your project on your computer Trying to remember her name when you leave the party. Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info.
Retrieval • The calling back of the stored information or getting information out of memory so you can use it Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure). Finding your document or project and opening it up.
Encoding • The process of getting information inside of your head • processing information into your memory system • Think of encoding like typing a project on your computer Getting a guys name at a party Typing info into a computer
Encoding • The process in which you move the raw material or stuff that you will ultimately remember, into your memory • Two Different Ways of encoding you should know
#1 Automatic Processing • Unconscious Encoding of incidental information • Not having to think or even try to put this information into your head • You encode space (like things on a page) • Time (sequence of days events) • Well learned information (words in your native language) • Remembering you ate lunch yesterday even though you didn’t try to remember this information
#2 Effortful Processing • Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort • Working to remember what you wrote in your notes • Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic
Encoding Effortful Automatic This unit’s concepts Where you ate yesterday
How do we Encode Information? • Structural (Visual) Encoding • Encoding by forming a mental picture • Emphasizes the physical structure of the item • Remembering what a word looks like – capitals or not • Phonemic (Acoustical) Encoding • Encoding by sound • Remembering the sound of a word -- rhyme or not • Semantic (Meaning) Encoding • Encoding by meaning • Remembering or focusing on the meaning of words
Which type works best? Shallow Processing Deep Processing VS
How can you become a better Encoder?? • Tools to help you put stuff into your head better so you can remember it longer • Some of you should really pay attention here!!
Rehearsing and Over learning • “practice makes perfect” • Serial Position Effect • First and last items are easier encoded so spend extra time with things in the middle • Spacing Effect • Spreading out encoding will allow you to retain more than cramming information • Distributed practice vs. massed practice
Self-Reference Effect (Deep Processing) • Provide meaning to what you want to encode by making it relevant to your life and context you are in • Visual Imagery • Link what you want to encode to a mental image, story, or picture • Method of Loci (also called memory palace) • People picture themselves walking through a familiar place, noting items as they go • Repeat walk to remember • Peg Word Method • Remember a rhyme that associates numbers with words
Remembering the Articles of Confederation…. • one bun (Article I - Legislative) • two shoe (Article II – Executive) • three tree(Article III - Judicial) • four door (Article IV – Relations Among States) • five bee hive (Article V – Amending the Cons) • six sticks (Article VI – Federalism) • seven heaven (Article VII – Ratification)
Mnemonic Devices • Use a memory trick • ROYGBIV • Tying a ribbon on your finger • “I before e, except after c” • Mnemonic Devices • Chunking • Organizing information into meaningful groups vs. random information • Minimize Interference • Go to sleep after learning something to prevent learning newer material
Things to remember about Encoding • The next-In-Line effect: • we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next. • Taped info played while asleep is registered by ears, but we do not remember it.
Storage How we retain or keep the information we have encode over time??
Three Box Model of Memory (or three stage model) • Basically says memory storage is broken down into three memory systems based on duration or length of memory retention
#1 Sensory Memory • Stores incoming sensory information (smells, sights, noises, things we touch) in detail but only for an instance • Lasts Milliseconds to seconds • Most of what we sense we forget almost immediately • If it is not important we don’t encode and store it • Iconic Memory • Visual sensory memory • (a split second perfect photograph of a scene) • Echoic Memory • Auditory sensory memory • (a split second memory for sounds)
#2 Short-term Memory • The conscious, activated memory that contains information you are aware of at any point in time • Also can be called working memory • Can last seconds to minutes • There is a limited capacity and duration • The average stm can only fit 7 units • (that is why phone numbers are 7 digits long) • Can be increased by chunking
Storage and Short-Term Memory • Can store 7 (plus or minus two) chunks of information. • George Miller • “The Magic Number 7+-2” • Simon • “We can only chunk groups of three”
Breaking Through the Magic 7 Barrier • Row 1: 6293 • Row 2: 73932 • Row 3: 835405 • Row 4: 3820961 • Row 5: 18294624 • Row 6: 9284619384 • Row 7: 1992199319941995
#3 Long-term Memory • The relatively permanent storehouse of memories • Can last days to years (sometimes a lifetime) • Consolidation • The process of converting stm into ltm • Two Types • Flashbulb memory • A vivid clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event – 911 • Photographic memory • It is just a really good memory • VERY few people have this • True photographic memory is someone who can see a list of 70 digits for less than a minute and recite them forward and backwards and remember them up to 15 years later!!!!
Storage and Long-Term Memory • We have yet to find the limit of our long-term memory. • For example, Rajan was able to recite 31,811 digits of pi. • At 5 years old, Rajan would memorize the license plates of all of his parents’ guests (about 75 cars in ten minutes). He still remembers the plate numbers to this day.
How does our brain store long-term memories? • Memories do NOT reside in single specific spots of our brain. • Seems the hippocampus is the essential part of the brain for memories • But visual memories may be stored in the visual cortex
The getting of information and memories out of our heads Retrieval How do we recall the information we thought we remembered and stored? Lets Jog Our Memory!!!!!!!
Recall versus Recognition Lazy Smurf or Lethargic Smurf I probably cannot recall the Smurfs, but can I recognize them? Papa Smurf or Daddy Smurf Practical Smurf or Handy Smurf Intellectual Smurf or Brainy Smurf Clumsy Smurf or Inept Smurf
Recall • Remembering without any external cues • The retrieving of information you learned earlier • What we usually think of as memory • Fill in the blank tests, short answer, essay • Recognition • The process of identifying information using external cues • Multiple choice and matching test questions
Recall vs Recognition • Celebrity Yearbook Photos
Memory is often triggered by… Retrieval Cues Not Clues!! • Things that help us remember. • Pictures, smells, touches • Smell is usually the strongest • We often use a process called priming • the activation of associations in our memory to help us retrieve information. • Recalling a particular word or memory becomes easier if another related word is recalled first • Example – thinking of me may help you remember a psychology concept or term
How do our physical condition and mood affect our ability to retrieve memories?? The Pollyanna Principle
Stress and Memory • Stress can lead to the release of hormones that have been shown to assist in LTM. • i.e. adrenaline • Similar to the idea of Flashbulb Memory.
State-dependent memory • Retrieval is best when the retrieval state is the same as the encoding state • If you are tired when encoding, retrieval will be best when you are also tired • If you study on your favorite chair at home, you will probably score higher if you also took the test on that chair.
Mood-Congruent Memory • The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. • If you are depressed, you will more likely recall sad memories from you past.
Types of Long Term Memories Declarative Memories Vs. Non-Declarative Memories and Prospective Vs. Retrospective Memory
Declarative Memories • Also called explicit memories • The memories that relate to facts and take effort to recall • Two types • Semantic Memory • Memory of facts and general information • State capitals or rules of a game • Episodic Memory • Memories of specific events – personal memories • Think of this like episodes of your life, like remembering your 16th birthday
Non-declarative Memories • Also called implicit memories • Unintentional memories • that we might not even realize we have and do not take conscious thinking to recall • Processed all over the brain • 2 Types • Procedural Memories • Memories of skills and how to perform them • Riding a bike or driving a car • Classically condition Memories • Jumping when you hear the toilet flush
Prospective vs. Retrospective Memory • Prospective Memory • Remembering to perform actions in the future • Remembering to take the trash out or walk the dog, or to call someone • Those who appear bad at prospective memory are often characterized as “absent minded” • Retrospective Memory • Remembering events from the past or previously learned information • Trying to remember what was said in your last class
PRIMING EFFECT • Priming effect occurs when people respond faster or better to an item if a similar item preceded it. • Example - - table - chair • For the most part, the priming effect is considered involuntary and is most likely an unconscious phenomenon.
