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IE 553 Engineering of Human Work Dr. Andris Freivalds Class #33

IE 553 Engineering of Human Work Dr. Andris Freivalds Class #33. Cognitive Work. Information Theory Bit ( b inary un it ) = amount of information from two choices (e.g. coin toss, hi/lo). Information Theory (con’t). H = ∑p i log 2 (1/p i ) (not equally likely)

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IE 553 Engineering of Human Work Dr. Andris Freivalds Class #33

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  1. IE 553 Engineering of Human Work Dr. Andris Freivalds Class #33 IE 553

  2. Cognitive Work • Information Theory • Bit (binary unit) = amount of information from two choices (e.g. coin toss, hi/lo) IE 553

  3. Information Theory (con’t) • H = ∑pi log2 (1/pi) (not equally likely) • Redundancy = reduction of information %R = (1 – H/Hmax)x100 • Bandwidth = channel capacity = maximum amount of information processed IE 553

  4. Human Information Processing Model IE 553

  5. Memory and Decision Making • Memory = storage of information • Sensory storage – very large, quickly forget • Working (short term) memory • Capacity = 7+2 items (Miller’s Rule) • Short term (seconds) – rehearsal • Chunking – grouping for better recall • Long term memory • Standardize information for better storage • Memory aids: associations, mnemonics, rhymes IE 553

  6. Decision Making-Response Selection • Structured, quantitative approach • Optimize performance: speed and accuracy IE 553

  7. Choice Reaction Time andHick-Hyman Law • Eye-hand coordination task • Choice reaction (B-type) task IE 553

  8. CRT and Hick-Hyman Law RT = a + bH = 150 + 150 log2n Channel capacity = 1/b = 1/150 bits/msec = 6.67 bits/ sec IE 553

  9. Response Execution and Movement Times – Fitts’ Tapping Task Fitts’ Law = Extension of Hick-Hyman Law MT = a + b ID ID = log22D W IE 553

  10. Fitts’ Law and Classification of Movements (Gilbreth) • Finger • Wrist (finger) • Forearm (etc.) • Full arm • Torso • Range effect: • - Overshoot short distances • - Undershoot long distances IE 553

  11. Attention Resources • Cognitive capacity devoted to a task • Focused vs. diffuse • Multi-tasking or timesharing • Primary task vs. secondary task • But limited resources • Overload!!! IE 553

  12. Cognitive Workload & Physiological Strain • Overload causes arousal (physiological strain) • Requests contrary to goals • High information processing • Secondary task demands • Environmental demands • Physiological measurements to measure arousal ≈ cognitive performance Yerkes-Dodson Law IE 553

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